{"id":257,"date":"2016-05-19T14:42:36","date_gmt":"2016-05-19T21:42:36","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/sites.evergreen.edu\/vms-spring\/?p=257"},"modified":"2016-05-30T12:24:29","modified_gmt":"2016-05-30T19:24:29","slug":"glycera-sp","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/sites.evergreen.edu\/vms-spring\/glycera-sp\/","title":{"rendered":"Glycera sp."},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Common name: Polychaete<br \/>\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 Author: Brittney Deiss<\/p>\n<p><!--more--><\/p>\n<h3>Taxonomy<\/h3>\n<p>Kingdom: Animalia<br \/>Phylum: Annelida<br \/>Class: Polychaeta<br \/>Order: Phyllodocida<br \/>Family: Glyceridae<br \/>Genus: Glycera<\/p>\n<h3>Distribution\/Habitat<\/h3>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"alignleft size-medium wp-image-290\" src=\"https:\/\/sites.evergreen.edu\/vms-spring\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/209\/2016\/05\/bdeiss_Glycera-habitat-174x300.jpg\" alt=\"bdeiss_Glycera habitat\" width=\"174\" height=\"300\" srcset=\"https:\/\/sites.evergreen.edu\/vms-spring\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/209\/2016\/05\/bdeiss_Glycera-habitat-174x300.jpg 174w, https:\/\/sites.evergreen.edu\/vms-spring\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/209\/2016\/05\/bdeiss_Glycera-habitat-592x1024.jpg 592w, https:\/\/sites.evergreen.edu\/vms-spring\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/209\/2016\/05\/bdeiss_Glycera-habitat-600x1037.jpg 600w, https:\/\/sites.evergreen.edu\/vms-spring\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/209\/2016\/05\/bdeiss_Glycera-habitat.jpg 694w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 174px) 100vw, 174px\" \/><\/p>\n<p>West and East coasts of both North and South America, Gulf of Mexico, Straits of Magellan, New Zealand, and Southern Australia. Intertidal and subtidal, usually marine; 2-213 m depth (WA State Dept. of Ecology, 2013).\u00a0<em>Glycera americana<\/em>\u00a0are infaunal organisms; they spend much of their time burrowed in the sediment. When an area becomes hypoxic or anoxic, the polychaetes concentrate at the sediment surface, making them more vulnerable to their predators who can readily move into and out of low oxygen areas. Following a hypoxic event infauna need time to recover and reburrow, the main predators that take advantage of this are crustaceans, mainly the blue crab\u00a0<em>Callinectes sapidus<\/em>. This has the potential to affect trophic dynamics (Nestlerode et al., 1998).<\/p>\n<h3>General Characteristics<\/h3>\n<p>Also known as a bloodworm, <em>Glycera<\/em> is a larger genus, can reach over 350 mm in length (about 14 inches). Coloring can range from light pink to darker. Two pairs of terminal antenna and parapodia along the segmented body. The anterior end has a proboscis that houses four hollow jaws (WA State Dept. of Ecology, 2013).\u00a0<em>G. dibrachiata<\/em>\u00a0is also an osmoconformer, able to withstand a range of salinity from 1366 to 374 mOsm\/kg. The unit mOsm refers to a milliosmole, which measure moles of solute contributed to osmotic pressure. The individual cell volume is regulated by tissue specific amino acids, which affect the solute change in the body wall of the worm (Costa et al., 1980).<\/p>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/player.vimeo.com\/video\/167339101\" width=\"676\" height=\"507\" frameborder=\"0\" title=\"Polychaete Motion\" webkitallowfullscreen mozallowfullscreen allowfullscreen><\/iframe><\/p>\n<p>The concept for this animation was to capture polychaete movement, both in the water column and in the sediment.\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h3>Predators\/Prey<\/h3>\n<p>The predators of <em>Glycera<\/em> species areBottom-feeding fish, crustaceans, and gulls (Nestlerode et al., 1998). These polychaetes prey on benthic invertebrates, other polychaetes and amphipods (Rothschild, 48).\u00a0<em>Glycera dibranchiata<\/em>\u00a0specifically, have jaws that contain a copper based biomineral atacamite, which makes them resistant to abrasion, similar to tooth enamel. The copper is concentration on the inner part of the jaw, which is hypothesized to ease the inevitable bite of sand or gravel when burrowing. The copper may also activate the venom as it is injected into\u00a0<em>Glycera\u2019s<\/em>\u00a0prey (Lichtenegger et al., 2002).<\/p>\n<h3><em>Glycera<\/em>\u00a0in the 21<sup>st<\/sup> Century<\/h3>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"alignright size-medium wp-image-314\" src=\"https:\/\/sites.evergreen.edu\/vms-spring\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/209\/2016\/05\/bdeiss_polychaete-21st-century-3-300x269.jpg\" alt=\"bdeiss_polychaete 21st century-3\" width=\"300\" height=\"269\" srcset=\"https:\/\/sites.evergreen.edu\/vms-spring\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/209\/2016\/05\/bdeiss_polychaete-21st-century-3-300x269.jpg 300w, https:\/\/sites.evergreen.edu\/vms-spring\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/209\/2016\/05\/bdeiss_polychaete-21st-century-3-768x688.jpg 768w, https:\/\/sites.evergreen.edu\/vms-spring\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/209\/2016\/05\/bdeiss_polychaete-21st-century-3-1024x918.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/sites.evergreen.edu\/vms-spring\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/209\/2016\/05\/bdeiss_polychaete-21st-century-3-945x847.jpg 945w, https:\/\/sites.evergreen.edu\/vms-spring\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/209\/2016\/05\/bdeiss_polychaete-21st-century-3-600x538.jpg 600w, https:\/\/sites.evergreen.edu\/vms-spring\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/209\/2016\/05\/bdeiss_polychaete-21st-century-3.jpg 1078w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/>Today many <em>Glycera<\/em> species are harvested for bait, as well as dried for aquatic pets. In addition to their economic usefulness many polychaetes have copper in their jaws to withstand abrasive material so they can burrow.\u00a0These creatures can represent the tenacity we need in order to lessen the blow of climate change. We need to dig deep and withstand any abrasive issues that get in our way.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h3>Sources Cited<\/h3>\n<p>Costa CJ, Pierce SK, Warren MK. 1980. The Intracellular Mechanism of Salinity Tolerance in \u00a0 \u00a0Polychaetes: Volume Regulation by Isolated Glycera dibranchiata Red Coelomocytes. Biological Bulletin. [accessed 2016 May 13]; 159:626-638.<\/p>\n<p>Lichtenegger HC, Schoberl T, Bartl MH, Waite H, Stucky GD. 2002. High Abrasion Resistance with Sparse Mineralization: Copper Biomineral in Worm Jaws. Science. [accessed 2016 May 12]; 298(5592): 389-392.<\/p>\n<p>Nestlerode JA, Diaz RJ. 1998. Effects of periodic environmental hypoxia on predation of a tethered polychaete, <em>Glycera americana<\/em>: implications for trophic dynamics. Marine Ecology Progress Series. [accessed 2016 May 12]; 172:185-195.<\/p>\n<p>Rothschild SB. 2004. Beachcomber\u2019s Guide to Gulf Coast Marine Life. 3<sup>rd<\/sup> ed. Lanham (MD): Taylor Trade Publishing. P. 48.<\/p>\n<p>WA State Department of Ecology Benthic Invertebrate Voucher Sheet. 2013. WA: Department of Ecology; [accessed 2016 May 12]. \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <a href=\"https:\/\/fortress.wa.gov\/ecy\/publications\/publications\/1403212.pdf\">https:\/\/fortress.wa.gov\/ecy\/publications\/publications\/1403212.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Common name: Polychaete\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 Author: Brittney Deiss<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1776,"featured_media":391,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_mi_skip_tracking":false},"categories":[15,4],"tags":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/sites.evergreen.edu\/vms-spring\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/257"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/sites.evergreen.edu\/vms-spring\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/sites.evergreen.edu\/vms-spring\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sites.evergreen.edu\/vms-spring\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1776"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sites.evergreen.edu\/vms-spring\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=257"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/sites.evergreen.edu\/vms-spring\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/257\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sites.evergreen.edu\/vms-spring\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/391"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/sites.evergreen.edu\/vms-spring\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=257"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sites.evergreen.edu\/vms-spring\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=257"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sites.evergreen.edu\/vms-spring\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=257"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}