Author: Sarah D

Marketing Bitter Eggplant: Positioning a Culturally Important Vegetable in a Novel Market

August 27, 2024 / Sarah D / 0 Comments

Marketing African eggplant—a culturally significant vegetable—within the Pacific Northwest offers both opportunities and challenges for the 2024 Solanum aethiopicum Gilo Replicated Variety Trial researchers at Evergreen Organic Farm. This unique specialty vegetable, rooted in African, Asian, South American, and Caribbean cuisines, embodies flavors and traditions that resonate with diverse communities. However, its seasonality, limited shelf life, and cultivation on smaller plots make long-distance shipping impractical, necessitating a localized marketing strategy.

A colorful display of eggplants at the Evergreen State College Organic Farm Market.
Image by Sarah Dyer.

To introduce African eggplant to Pacific Northwest consumers, our research team first identified potential market channels. We focused on presenting bitter eggplant as a novel offering at the Evergreen State College Organic Farm Market and the Southwest Washington Food Hub, while also exploring opportunities within South Seattle’s African markets.

Conducting market testing was essential for understanding customer preferences and integrating the vegetable into local culinary habits. To promote acceptance, we distributed samples to students and community members, alongside special promotions and community initiatives aimed at engaging those unfamiliar with this culturally significant vegetable.

Effective marketing strategies included creating visually appealing displays and educational materials. Our setup showcased the bitter eggplant paired with a trifold pamphlet featuring recipes and preparation tips, guiding consumers on how to incorporate it into their meals.

In positioning this culturally rooted vegetable within a diverse market, we aimed to connect African eggplant with local culinary practices. By developing narratives and meanings that resonate with shared experiences, we help forge connections between the product and consumers.

This approach not only highlights the cultural significance of African eggplant but also facilitates its integration into the evolving culinary landscape of the Pacific Northwest. In doing so, we foster a sense of community and cultural appreciation, making the vegetable more inviting to new audiences.

Replicated variety trial of Solanum aethiopicum gilo: design and theory into practice

June 6, 2024 / Sarah D / 0 Comments

By Sarah Dyer

Introduction

Solanum aethiopicum subsp. gilo, commonly known as gilo (jiló), African eggplant, Ethiopian eggplant, or garden egg, is an underutilized crop species native to West Africa (National Research Council, 2006). Despite its potential for adaptation to diverse agroecological conditions and its high nutritional value, gilo remains unknown in many parts of the world (Yang & Ojiewo, 2013).

In recent years, there has been growing interest in gilo as a crop for small-scale farmers and local food systems due to its ability to thrive in poor soil conditions and its resistance to many common pests and diseases (Hill, 2001; Marchese et al, 2014). However, the limited availability of gilo germplasm and the lack of standardized breeding and testing protocols have hindered the development of new varieties adapted to specific regional conditions.

To address this gap, student researchers in collaboration with the Evergreen State College Organic Farm, have designed a replicated variety trial to evaluate the performance of different gilo accessions under maritime Pacific Northwest conditions. The trial aims to provide valuable information on the genetic diversity and adaptability of gilo and identify promising varieties that can be further developed and used by local farmers and breeders (Han et al., 2021).

This paper describes the design of the replicated block variety trial, including the selection of trial site, design, and management methods. The trial is a crucial step towards increasing the availability and utilization of gilo in the Pacific Northwest region and will contribute to our understanding of the potential of this underutilized crop species for sustainable agriculture and food systems (Han et al, 2021; Yang & Ojiewo, 2013).

By evaluating the performance of four varieties of gilo and a control variety of S. melongena, the trial aims to provide valuable data on the benefits and limitations of gilo as a potential crop for the Pacific Northwest, informing future breeding and selection decisions for Solanum aethiopicum (Colley et al., 2018). Gilo is an unknown variety in this region, and its potential to thrive in the PNW climate is still uncertain.

This trial aims to provide a comprehensive evaluation of gilo’s performance in terms of germination, early vigor, yield, disease resistance, adaptability to local conditions, and flavor, which will inform its potential for commercial production in the region. The success of this trial will contribute to the development of a more diverse and resilient crop portfolio in the Pacific Northwest and help to ensure a sustainable and food-secure future for the region.

Site and Soil

The Evergreen State College Organic Farm, located in Olympia, Washington, was chosen as the site for the replicated variety trial of Solanum aethiopicum subsp. gilo. The trial was conducted in a field on the southwest side of the farm, characterized by Giles silt loam soil (NRCS, 2004). The Giles soil series consists of deep, well drained soils formed from volcanic ash and glacial outwash, with slow to medium runoff and moderate permeability (NRCS, 2004).

The marine climate is characterized by temperate, dry summers, and mild, wet winters. The mean annual precipitation accompanying the Giles series is 35 to 60 inches, the mean annual soil temperature ranges from 49 to 52 degrees Fahrenheit, and the frost-free season is 170 to 200-days (NRCS, 2004).

Trial Design and Known Sources of Field Variation

The trial was laid out in a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications, in five rows 43 feet long and 32 inches wide running north to south. Each row comprised three plots measuring 13 feet by 32 inches; blocks ran east to west across the rows.

Blocks consisted of 5 plots, each containing eight plants of a single variety. Each of the five varieties was assigned a code consisting of numbers and letters to prevent bias in the field. Each number in the diagram in Figure 1 represents a plot of that numbered variety; varieties were assigned to each replication (block) utilizing a random number generator.

BLOCK 1	OE	SW	MR	Z	CVC
BLOCK 2	CVC	Z	OE	MR	SW
BLOCK 3	Z	MR	SW	CVC	OE
	ROW 1	ROW 2	ROW 3	ROW 4	ROW 5

Figure 1: Field Diagram of the Trial

The weather and prevailing winds usually come from the west or southwest (NRCS, 2021). Trees bordering the farm’s south side shade some of the southern side of the field in the spring and fall. The trial was established in a field previously managed as a perennial lavender bed. The area was treated with woodchip mulch and has been under organic management since its establishment; lavender plants were removed at the end of 2022, and the field has since remained fallow, allowing weeds such as field bindweed (Convolvulus arvensis) and Canada thistle (Cirsium arvense) to establish themselves, further complicating the soil’s conditions.

The plot is along the field’s edge, and no border rows were planted due to space constraints of the farm. The five rows for the trial will be placed in a flat area of the field where the soil type is consistent and away from barriers like trees to avoid shading part of the plot, ensuring that all plots in the field will be similarly exposed to the sun, heat, and weather. The five rows are in an area with consistent soil conditions, and no significant differences are expected within or between rows.

Cultivars

The variety trial evaluates the performance of four different varieties of gilo, including, ‘Morro Redondo’, ‘Comprido Verde Claro’, ‘Simeon’s White’, and ‘Zebra’, all of which are unique in their characteristics and were chosen for their cold tolerance, which is a major limiting factor in growing Solanaceous plants in the Pacific Northwest. Additionally, the trial includes the control variety ‘Orient Express,’ which the farm grows annually.

The ‘Morro Redondo’ and ‘Comprido Verde Claro’ varieties, both offered by Thresh Seed Co., were selected because they were trialed in the Northeastern United States, because they are each distinct in coloration and morphology, and because they are the two predominant types of gilo found in Brazilian cuisine. Seed for both “Brazilian” varieties were provided by the USDA National Genetic Resources Program (Thresh Seed Co., 2024).

‘Simeon’s White’ and ‘Zebra’, offered by North Circle Seeds, were chosen because they are bred in the northern Midwest, as well as for their unique colors and patterns. The seeds for this variety originate from Simeon Bakunda, an immigrant from Congo, and have been selected for the past 7 years in Fargo, North Dakota where he grows them with the Growing Together project (North Circle Seeds, 2024).

The single Solanum melongena variety, ‘Orient Express’, offered by Johnny’s Selected Seeds, was included as a control variety to provide a benchmark for comparison with the other varieties. ‘Orient Express’ has a proven history of success at Evergreen Organic Farm, in terms of yield, marketability, and cold tolerance (Johnny’s Selected Seeds, 2019).

Cultivars	Characteristics

‘Morro Redondo’	Dark Green, Round, and Large.
‘Comprido Verde Claro’	Light Green, Oval Shaped, Long and Thin. Fruits 3 to 4 inches in Length.
‘Simeon’s White’	White, Egg-Shaped, Mango-sized. Young leaves are cut and used in soups.
‘Zebra’	Green and White Striped, Egg Shaped, Sweet Cultivar.
‘Orient Express’	S. melongena. Glossy, Dark Purple, and Slender. Fruits 8–10″ long by 1 1/2–2 1/2″ diameter. Cold tolerant.

Figure 2: Characteristics of Cultivars Grown in the Trial

Culture

Seeds for the trial were sown on March 11th-18^t^h, in 72-slot rigid plastic plug trays filled with Black Gold potting mix and placed in a heated greenhouse maintained at 65-85F. Trays were placed on heated germination mats set to 65 degrees Fahrenheit. On April 22^nd, the seedlings were repotted to 2” plastic pots. On May 15^th, seedlings were removed to the unheated greenhouse for hardening.

On June 3^rd, the seedlings were moved to the field and transplanted into predefined 13’ x 32” plots marked with each variety’s individual code. Seedlings were transplanted 18 inches apart in rows 50 inches apart. Plots were divided by 12-inch borders within rows and 18- inch borders between rows. The planting consisted of three blocks with the five cultivars planted randomly within each block. There were eight plants of each cultivar in each of the five plots, for a total of 40 plants per block.

Pest, Insect, and Disease Control

Mice ate many of the newly germinated seedlings between March 27^th and March 29^th. 68 plants were effectively destroyed, though thankfully the required number of each variety (24 plants) remained. The twenty-four seedlings selected for each variety had no evidence of damage from the mice, and so were unimpacted by the unexpected rodent interference. Plug trays were thereafter covered with plastic dome lids to protect the seedlings from rodent interference.

From April 24th, it was determined that an aphid infestation established itself on the eggplants in the heated greenhouse; seedlings were sprayed with water to remove insects as an initial preventative treatment. On May 8^th and continuing weekly until seedlings were transplanted to the field, Safer Insect Killing Soap was used to treat for aphids five times.

To treat plants, 1 ounce of Safer Soap was mixed with 48 ounces of water in a small, pump-action, multi-purpose farm sprayer, mixing well to insure an even distribution of soap in the solution. Seedlings were sprayed thoroughly, with great care to saturate all sides of the plant. Heavily infested leaves with a large amount of insect damage were removed and placed in a soap bath.

In addition to aphids, other pests were noted when the plants were moved to the unheated greenhouse, including incidences of leafhoppers, flea beetles, and thrips. Damage from non-aphid pests, however, was insignificant. Researchers will continue monitoring insect damage and incidences of disease over the summer.

Fertilization

The soil in the proposed variety trial plot presented a challenging environment for crop growth. Previous management of the field included treatment with woodchips, and careful attention was paid to removing woodchips from the plot before it was tilled (McGrath, 2013). With a pH level of 5.3, the soil was extremely acidic, which can inhibit microbial activity and limit the availability of essential nutrients. Additionally, the elevated levels of calcium in the soil may have exacerbated these issues (Magdoff & Van Es, 2021).

Furthermore, the combined soil test results indicated low levels of nitrogen, potassium, magnesium, sodium, sulfur, zinc, manganese, and boron, making it essential to design a comprehensive soil management plan. It is important to note that the soil test results were not specific to the trial plot itself, but rather were collected from a larger area. This may not provide a truly representative sample of the soil’s conditions within the specific boundaries of the trial.

The test results are likely to be influenced by the varying soil types and management practices that may have occurred in the surrounding areas. Therefore, while the test results provide valuable information about the general soil conditions, they should be considered in conjunction with on-site observations and data collected during the trial to gain a more comprehensive understanding of the soil’s characteristics and potential impacts on crop growth

The soil management plan for the variety trial plot utilized a comprehensive strategy that aimed to address the soil’s pH, nutrient deficiencies, and micronutrient limitations. (See Appendix A: Trial Soil Test)

To combat the low pH, Microna lime was applied at a rate of 120 pounds per 1000 square feet at a depth of 6 inches. This should raise the pH from 5.3 to around 5.9, which is not ideal, but the best solution given the circumstances. Previous studies have found that Solanum aethiopicum thrives with a pH range anywhere between 5.5 – 6.8 (Yang & Ojiewo, 2013).

To address nitrogen deficiency, Perfect Blend fertilizer (4-4-4) was applied at a rate of 51.65 pounds per 1000 square feet. Additionally, 100 pounds of feather meal was applied per 1000 square feet, providing an extra 12 pounds of nitrogen (11 pounds water soluble). This was side dressed into each bed to ensure optimal nitrogen availability for the crop.

Potassium was another concern, and to address this, Sul-Po-Mag (0-0-22) was applied at a rate of 136 pounds per acre (3.13 pounds per 1000 square feet). This will provide an extra 30 pounds of potassium per acre, essential for the crop’s flower set and fruit production, as well as the necessary magnesium and sulfur for healthy photosynthesis and plant growth (Magdoff & Van Es, 2021).

In addition to the above soil amendments, Kelp Meal was added at a rate of ¼ cup per planting hole before the eggplant seedling varieties were transplanted. This provided essential micronutrients such as zinc and boron, which were recommended by the soil test.

Data collected in this variety trial could provide more insight into soil preferences for Solanum aethiopicum subsp. gilo.

Irrigation, Mulch, and Trellising

5/8” drip irrigation was used to deliver 1-inch of water per week to the seedlings. A timer was utilized at the header line to ensure regular watering. Because drip irrigation was used, watering is consistent but can be slightly heavier at the beginning of the row and lighter at the ends. One line of drip irrigation was utilized per bed and placed 2 inches from center to water the single sow planted center-bed. During droughty periods, moisture stress has been shown to cause flowers to abort with little or no fruit set; therefore, at least 1 inch of water each week from rainfall or irrigation during the growing season should promote fruit set (Maynard, 2016; Maynard & Hill, 2001).

Black poly mulch was utilized in the field to inhibit weeds, retain moisture, and raise soil temperature. As temperature is a limiting factor in growing gilo, studies have shown that the increase in soil temperatures provided by black poly mulch can increase yields by 15-30%, as well as promoting an earlier yield. Additionally, black poly mulch leads to improved weed control and nutrient conservation (Hill, 2001).

A Florida weave (basket weave) trellis scheme was utilized to support plants in the trial as they increase in size. Five-foot-tall wooden stakes were hammered-in every 5 ¼ feet, and white poly twine was used to weave the trellis around the plants. New levels of the trellis should be added at intervals of 8-12 inches as plants outgrow the previous levels of twine.

Conclusion

Looking forward to the summer, researchers will undertake fieldwork to observe insect pressure and incidences of disease. Data will be collected on agronomic and yield-related characteristics. Yield and marketable yield will be measured twice weekly, and total dry yield will be calculated after harvest (pounds). The length of harvest window will be recorded for each variety.

Additionally, related work will be pursued to educate consumers about gilo. Information sheets and recipe cards will be produced to introduce gilo to the local consumer. A sensory evaluation of the gilo varieties tested in the trial will be held for Evergreen State College students and community members during the academic quarter of Fall 2024, and feedback on flavor and culinary characteristics for each gilo variety will be collected and analyzed in concert with agronomic data.

References

Akinyode, E. T., Kehinde, Olomide Oluwatosin Aanuoluwapo, Oyedeji, Eniola Omotola, Aderibigbe, Olaide Ruth, Akinpelu, Oladunni Ayoola, Oke, O. A., Akinleye, Omolara Christiana, & Lukman, F. B. (2023). Selection of candidate varieties of garden egg (Solanum aethiopicum) in an on-station trial using multi-disciplinary approach. Magna Scientia Advanced Research and Reviews, 9, 131–138. https://doi.org/10.30574/msarr.2023.9.1.0134

Colley, M., Dawson, J., Zystro, J., Healy, K., Myers, J., Behar, H., & Becker, K. (2018). The Grower’s Guide to Conducting On-farm Variety Trials. https://seedalliance.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/Growers-guide-on-farm-variety-trials_FINAL_Digital.pdf

Díaz-Pérez, J. C., & Eaton, T. E. (2015). Eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) Plant Growth and Fruit Yield as Affected by Drip Irrigation Rate. HortScience, 50(11), 1709–1714. https://doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.50.11.1709

Han, M., Opoku, K. N., Nana, & Su, T. (2021). Solanum aethiopicum: The nutrient-rich vegetable crop with great economic, genetic biodiversity and pharmaceutical potential. Horticulturae, 7, 126. https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae7060126

Hill, D. E. (2001). Specialty crops: okra, leek, sweet potato and jilo. Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station. https://archive.org/details/specialtycropsok00hill/page/n1/mode/2up

Johnny’s Selected Seeds. (2019). https://www.johnnyseeds.com/

Magdoff, F., & Van Es, H. (2021). Building Soils for Better Crops: Sustainable Soil Management Fourth Edition. Sustainable Agriculture Research and Education (SARE) program. https://www.sare.org/wp-content/uploads/Building-Soils-For-Better-Crops.pdf

Mangan, F., Moreira, M., Barros, Z., Fernandes, C., Mateus, R., Finger, F., Koenig, A., Bonanno, R., Autio, W., Alvarado, M., & Wick, R. (2010, March 12). Research and Extension Activities Implemented by the UMass Ethnic Crops Program in 2009 (R. Hazzard, A. Brown, & A. Cavanagh, Eds.). Vegetable Notes; UMass Extension. https://ag.umass.edu/sites/ag.umass.edu/files/newsletters/vegnotes-03-10.pdf

Marchese, A., Mangan, F., Barros, Z., & Barros, V. (2014). Evaluation of Selections of jiló (Solanum gilo) for Production and Markets in the Northeastern United States. In UMass Agricultural Field Day (p. 40). The Center for Agriculture, Food, and the Environment. https://ag.umass.edu/sites/ag.umass.edu/files/pdf-doc-ppt/field_day_2014_web.pdf

Maynard, A. A. (2016). Specialty eggplant trials 2010-2012. The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station. https://portal.ct.gov/-/media/CAES/DOCUMENTS/Publications/Bulletins/B1043pdf.pdf

Maynard, A., & Hill, D. (2001). How to Grow Jilo in Connecticut. The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station. https://portal.ct.gov/-/media/caes/documents/publications/fact_sheets/forestry_and_horticulture/howtogrowjiloinctpdf.pdf

McGrath, D. (2013, May 2). Wood chips for mulch? Ag – Community Horticulture/Landscape. https://extension.oregonstate.edu/ask-extension/featured/wood-chips-mulch

National Research Council. (2006). Lost crops of Africa: Volume II: Vegetables (pp. 137–153). National Academies Press. https://nap.nationalacademies.org/download/11763

Nielsen, R. L. B. (2010, October). A Practical Guide to On-Farm Research. Corny News Network; Purdue University Department of Agronomy. https://www.agry.purdue.edu/ext/corn/news/timeless/onfarmresearch.pdf

North Circle Seeds. (2024). https://northcircleseeds.com/

NRCS. (2004). Official Series Description – GILES Series. Soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov; United States Department of Agriculture. https://soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/G/GILES.html

NRCS. (2021). Wind Rose Data. Www.nrcs.usda.gov. https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/programs-initiatives/sswsf-snow-survey-and-water-supply-forecasting-program/wind-rose-data

Thresh Seed Co. (2024). https://www.threshseed.com/

Wallau, M., Rios, E., & Blount, A. (2021, January). SS-AGR-447/AG447: Planning and Establishing On-Farm Field Trials. Ask IFAS – Powered by EDIS; Agronomy Department, UF/IFAS North Florida Research and Education Center; UF/IFAS Extension. https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/publication/AG447

Yang, R. Y., & C. Ojiewo. (2013). African nightshades and African eggplants: Taxonomy, crop management, utilization, and phytonutrients. Acs Symposium Series, 137–165. https://doi.org/10.1021/bk-2013-1127.ch011

Appendix A: Trial Soil Test

Bitter Eggplant: Building Skillful Coalition Through a Participatory Campus Field Trial of Solanum aethiopicum ‘Gilo’

April 22, 2024 / Sarah D / 0 Comments

On Wednesday, April 17th, 2024, The Food and Agriculture Path, The Evergreen State College Organic Farm, and the Fermentation Foundation S&A Club hosted a session for the 2024 Equity Symposium: “Cultivating Skillful Coalitions through Food and Agricultural Education”.

This roundtable panel and workshop features stories of students, faculty, and staff who are cultivating skillful coalitions through food and agricultural education on campus and around the world. Presenters will share short presentations that both describe and embody practices of skillful coalition that are essential to sustainable and just education about eating as an agricultural act. From the evolutionary significance of sweetness and bitterness to plant and human relationships being cultivated at the Evergreen State College organic farm as well as between our campus farm and the SW WA Food Hub, concluding with the collaboration of humans and bacteria to create a tasty ferment, these stories celebrate the building of liberatory land-based agricultural coalitions. Participants will be invited to engage in hands-on activities following the presentation to put into practice the skillful collaboration necessary for a resilient food system.
DescrIPTION of the Food and Agriculture Equity symposium session, “Cultivating Skillful Coalitions through Food and Agricultural Education”

Our group was invited to present at the session, and our presentation, “Bitter Eggplant: Building Skillful Coalition Through a Participatory Campus Field Trial of Solanum aethiopicum ‘Gilo'”, focuses on how we are building a coalition of students, faculty, staff, and businesses to support the work we are doing in the S. aethiopicum ‘Gilo’ project.

The Solanum aethiopicum ‘Gilo’ replicated variety trial project was conceived in January 2024, as I was looking for a way to tie together my interdisciplinary interests to design a senior capstone project surrounding the subjects of bitterness, plant breeding, and food justice. Because I am graduating in June 2024, I was unsure how I could create a substantive, upper division credit bearing, ethno-agricultural project with lasting impact in a very short time frame.
It was sheer luck that I was introduced to Gilo by our new farm faculty Ben Hunsdorfer, who has worked with bitter eggplant and recognized the potential for growing a novel crop in the Pacific Northwest. After undertaking research for a comprehensive literature review on Gilo, I realized that the richness and complexity of growing and marketing African eggplant in our community is just the sort of project I was looking for and one that would be a fitting capstone for my time at Evergreen. I also began to realize early on that to create a project that would have continuity despite my graduation, I would need to assemble a group of students, faculty, and staff whose goals aligned with mine to carry the project forward after I’m gone.

Our team of student researchers (Aaron Valva, Laura Reusche, Oonaugh Foster-Bill, Emerson Gregorio, and myself) all have deep roots in agriculture, with individual passions and experiences essential in supporting the Gilo variety trial throughout the project’s life. In addition to assembling our team of researchers, it was apparent that we would need extensive faculty and staff support both to guide us in our work and to provide stability for the project. Ben Hunsdorfer and Beth Leimbach, faculty and management at the Evergreen Organic Farm, have been incredibly supportive in terms of materials, land, and expertise. Dr. Sarah Williams has been instrumental in providing connections and context to the project, supporting our goal of marketing Gilo both as a culturally appropriate food and a novel vegetable for the PNW.
We are so lucky to be sponsored by Dr. Martha Rosemeyer and Dr. Robin Morgan, whose expertise in plant breeding and field experimentation is renowned; by joining our project, we gained the scientific support needed to conduct meaningful analysis and create a body of work that can launch a deeper study of Gilo grown in the Pacific Northwest.
Arts and Sciences Operations Manager Trisha Towanda and SIT Diane Nelson have coordinated with our group to ensure that proper lab equipment and safety training are available.
I applied for and received a fully funded capstone grant from the school to support the project, which has been used to procure seeds and equipment. Additionally, I approached two seed companies, North Circle Seeds and Thresh Seed Co., requesting donations for our variety trial and was pleasantly surprised at the willingness of companies to collaborate with our group of student researchers

Through the establishment of a diverse coalition of experts, we have formulated a coherent set of objectives that guide our ongoing efforts within this project. Our primary aim is to conduct trials on four different varieties of Solanum aethiopicum ‘Gilo’ at the Evergreen Organic Farm, aimed at assessing its potential for cultivation in the Pacific Northwest through rigorous scientific experimentation.
Additionally, we are dedicated to educating the patrons of the Evergreen Organic Farm about ‘Gilo’, offering valuable information and recipes to foster a deeper understanding and appreciation for this unique vegetable. Building meaningful relationships with African farmers and consumers in King County is another crucial goal, alongside providing a fresh vegetable supply to the Southwest Washington Food Hub.
Moreover, a key aspiration of ours is to instill a culture of collaborative partnership within the realm of Food and Agriculture at Evergreen State College, cultivating an environment that values cooperative efforts and shared success. These goals collectively underscore our commitment to fostering inclusive and skillful coalitions for the betterment of our community and beyond.

As I reflect on this project’s journey and the collaborative efforts that brought us to this point, I am filled with pride and accomplishment. The coalition of students, faculty, staff, and community partners that has been assembled has truly exemplified the power of working together towards a common goal.
Looking towards the future, I am excited about the possibilities that lie ahead. The goals we have set for ourselves are not just individual tasks, but reflections of a broader commitment to promoting sustainability, cultural awareness, and community engagement in food and agriculture.
As we pursue these objectives, I am confident that the momentum we have built will carry us forward even after the initial project ends. The spirit of collaboration and partnership that has defined our work will serve as a foundation for future endeavors, inspiring others to join us in creating a more resilient and interconnected food system.
Together, we have shown that through skillful coalition building and creative thinking, we can make a meaningful impact on the world around us.

Examining the potential value of cultivating of Solanum aethiopicum ‘Gilo’ in the Pacific Northwest

April 7, 2024 / Sarah D / 0 Comments

By Sarah Dyer

INTRODUCTION

Solanum aethiopicum ‘Gilo’, commonly known as Ethiopian eggplant, scarlet eggplant, garden egg, garden huckleberry, or bitter tomato, is a member of the Solanum genus, which includes crops like tomatoes, peppers, potatoes, and tobacco, as well as Solanum melongena, the common Asian eggplant (National Research Council, 2006, pp. 137–153). Gilo has long been a beloved vegetable in African, Asian, Caribbean, and Brazilian cuisine, and is prized for its essential nutrients such as vitamins A and C, calcium, and iron, and its unique, slightly bitter flavor profile that deepens as the fruit ripens. In addition to its culinary appeal and nutritional benefits, S. aethiopicum ‘Gilo’ presents a compelling case for the exploration of novel crops in regions like the Pacific Northwest (National Research Council, 2006, pp. 137–153).

The increasing global interest in diverse and nutrient-rich crops has elevated the significance of exploring African eggplant’s potential beyond its native regions, and the inquiry into the feasibility of cultivating Gilo in a non-traditional environment raises pertinent questions regarding its resilience to local climate conditions, its impact on environmental sustainability, its contribution to scientific research, and its potential economic viability as a cash crop (National Research Council, 2006, pp. 137–153). Beyond these practical considerations, the cultural and social implications of introducing S. aethiopicum ‘Gilo’ to both a familiar and a new audience also invite examination, offering insights into intercultural exchanges and potential shifts in dietary practices (National Research Council, 2006, pp. 137–153). By delving into the complexities of incorporating ‘Gilo’ into a different agricultural landscape, researchers and stakeholders stand to gain valuable insights into the broader implications of diversifying food production and enhancing culinary diversity in emerging markets.

1. BACKGROUND: ORIGIN AND HISTORY

1.1 African Origins

The journey of Gilo’s cultivation and propagation has been shaped by the diverse landscapes and climates in which it thrives. S. aethiopicum ‘Gilo’ is considered an old-world vegetable, meaning it has origins in Africa, Asia, or Europe; its center of origin is West Central Africa, where it descended from its wild ancestor Solanum anguivi, and has been cultivated and consumed for centuries by various cultures, adapting to diverse climates and landscapes across the continent, spanning from southern Senegal to Nigeria, across Central Africa to eastern Africa, and from Central Africa to Morocco, Angola, Zimbabwe, and Mozambique (Daunay et al., 2000; Han et al., 2021; National Research Council, 2006, pp. 137–153). Morphologically, Gilo stands as a subspecies of the broader S. aethiopicum genus, highlighting the genetic diversity within the Solanaceae family and its resilience and versatility as a crop (Daunay et al., 2000). Its adaptive qualities enabled its spread beyond Africa into regions like Asia, underlining its ability to thrive in varied environments and climates, and transcend geographical boundaries (Lalhmingsanga et al, 2018).

1.2 Global Spread and Transcontinental Movement

The movement of Gilo to other continents was further facilitated by European colonialism and the trans-Atlantic slave trade, which saw the vegetable being introduced to the Americas, specifically Brazil and the Carribean, as well as Europe (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 2024; Han et al., 2021; Mangan et al., 2024). In fact, the name ‘eggplant’ comes from S. aethiopicum’s introduction to London by British traders in the 1500s; originally called the “Guinea squash”, the fruit’s white color and ellipsoid shape led to the name “eggplant” (National Research Council, 2006, pp. 137–153). Around the same time, another vegetable arrived from Asia with similar culinary characteristics, but larger, purple, and irregularly shaped fruits; for a while, both plants were used, but eventually, the “Guinea squash” was forgotten and fell out of Western cuisine, leaving behind its name as its early presence in Europe (National Research Council, 2006, pp. 137–153). The historical trajectory of S. aethiopicum from its African roots to its integration into diverse culinary traditions illuminates the interconnectedness of food cultures and agricultural practices, highlighting its enduring legacy in shaping diets and livelihoods around the world, as well as serving as a symbol of sustainability and resilience in agricultural practices across different regions (National Research Council, 2006, pp. 137–153).

2. OVERVIEW OF CULTIVATION

2.1 Cultivation Practices for S. aethiopicum ‘Gilo’

While traditionally grown in tropical and subtropical climates, S. aethiopicum ‘Gilo’ may be adapted to the Pacific Northwest climate with careful attention and management. The region’s mild climate, coupled with greenhouse germination to provide the necessary warm and humid conditions, could potentially support the cultivation of this unique crop (National Research Council, 2006, pp. 137–153). Gilo should be planted in the spring and typically takes between 65-120 days to mature, depending on the variety and growing conditions; growing to a height of 2-3 feet, it produces small white flowers that eventually develop into small, oblong fruits that are a hallmark of the ‘Gilo’ variety (Han et al., 2021; Hill, 2001; Mangan et al., 2024; National Research Council, 2006, pp. 137–153). Fruits can be white, yellow, green, purple, black, orange, and red, and are eaten at all stages of ripeness, though they are often preferred when they are white, yellow, or green and immature (Han et al., 2021; Mangan et al., 2024).

2.2 Adaptation to Pacific Northwest Climate

Starting S. aethiopicum ‘Gilo’ in a non-tropical climate requires a different approach compared to traditional European eggplant varieties (Mangan et al., 2024). Gilo is commonly found in humid areas all over tropical Africa where its members grow best with temperatures of 77–95 °F and 68–80.5 °F, day and night temperatures, respectively (Han et al., 2021; Hill, 2001; National Research Council, 2006, pp. 137–153). To maximize growth in the field, it is recommended to start African eggplant transplants earlier than the European eggplant varieties; European eggplant varieties are typically started 6-8 weeks before transplanting, and it is suggested to start seeds of African eggplants 9-10 weeks before transplanting in regions like the Pacific Northwest (Hill, 2001; Mangan et al., 2024). Some farmers even opt to start Gilo seeds more than 12 weeks before transplanting, using individual pots for each plant instead of standard transplant trays; this is crucial as Gilo plants have the potential to grow much larger, with plant heights exceeding six feet being observed in Massachusetts under ideal conditions (Mangan et al., 2024). The extended period for starting S. aethiopicum seeds ensures that the plants have ample time to grow and develop before they are transplanted into the field; this approach allows for healthier and more robust plants, increasing the likelihood of a successful harvest (Mangan et al., 2024). Gilo is typically ready for harvest by late July under optimal conditions, providing a quick turnaround time from seed to harvest (National Research Council, 2006, pp. 137–153).

2.3 Requirements for Optimal Growth and Development

Cultivating S. aethiopicum ‘Gilo’ for optimal growth requires careful consideration of climate, soil management, and water usage. Gilo requires well-drained soils with a pH range of 5.5-6.8 and moderate fertility levels to support healthy growth (Han et al., 2021; Hill, 2001; Lin et al., 2009, pp. 230–232). Water management is crucial for cultivating Gilo, necessitating irrigation at optimal intervals and depths to ensure the plant receives sufficient water for development (Han et al., 2021; Hill, 2001). Organic matter can aid in enhancing soil water retention capacity and reducing water loss through evaporation, thus promoting successful growth; planting of African eggplants involves land preparation by loosening the soil and incorporating well-rotted compost to create a nutrient-rich growing environment (Han et al., 2021; Maundu et al., 2023). Transplanting and spacing should be done carefully, with seedlings hardened off for about two weeks before transplantation and ensuring proper spacing to allow for healthy growth and development of the plants (Maundu et al., 2023).

3. ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY

3.1 Ecological Benefits of Cultivating S. aethiopicum ‘Gilo’

Growing S. aethiopicum ‘Gilo’ in the Pacific Northwest could offer significant ecological and environmental benefits. The utilization of grafting techniques in vegetable production has been shown to improve yield, limit the effects of diseases like Fusarium wilt, enhance nutrient uptake, and improve water use efficiency (Nkansah et al., 2013). By grafting tomatoes onto African eggplant rootstocks, not only can crop productivity be increased, but the resilience of the plants to drought, salinity, and flooding can also be enhanced (Sabatino et al., 2019). Cultivating Gilo can contribute to biodiversity conservation and resilience in agricultural systems (Han et al., 2021; Lin, 2011). Additionally, African eggplant is known for its resistance to soil-borne diseases and pests, making it a valuable tool for crop protection in sustainable farming systems (Han et al., 2021; National Research Council, 2006, pp. 137–153). Gilo’s diverse genetic makeup offers a range of traits and functions that can help protect against changing environmental conditions, such as extreme shifts in climate, pest outbreaks and pathogen transmission (Han et al., 2021; National Research Council, 2006, pp. 137–153; Sabatino et al., 2019).

3.2 Urban Agriculture and Soil Conservation

African eggplant’s ability to thrive in limited spaces makes it suitable for urban agriculture, allowing for the conservation of soil fertility and maximizing landscape spaces (National Research Council, 2006, pp. 137–153). Its aesthetic properties also make it a popular choice for ornamental and beautification purposes, and its partially shade-tolerant nature contributes to soil conservation by preventing erosion and maintaining soil fertility (National Research Council, 2006, pp. 137–153). Additionally, growing African eggplant aids in soil conservation by covering bare areas between main crops and tolerating mild shade to coexist with taller plants (National Research Council, 2006, pp. 137–153). Farmers can utilize regenerative cultivation techniques such as intercropping and mixed cultures, with examples of intercropping in Africa with crops like cowpea (Vigna unguiculata), sorghum, Indian jujube (Ziziphus mauritiana Lam), tomatoes (Solanum lycopersicum), peppers (Capsicum annuum), West African sorrel (Corchorus olitorius), and okra (Abelmoschus esculentus); in mixed cultures, African eggplant serves as the main crop, while corn (Zea mays) and Yuca (Manihot esculenta) are grown as secondary crops (Han et al., 2021; Lin, 2011; National Research Council, 2006, pp. 137–153).

3.3 Promoting Resilience in Food Production through African Eggplant Cultivation

In the face of climate change and increasing environmental challenges, the promotion of diversified agricultural systems, including the cultivation of underutilized crops like S. aethiopicum ‘Gilo’, is crucial for building resilience in food production (Han et al., 2021; Lalhmingsanga et al., 2018, Lin, 2011). S. aethiopicum ‘Gilo’ is considered an “orphan crop”: a minor and/or underutilized crop that is not commonly traded internationally but often plays larger agricultural roles regionally (Swenson, 2022). Reintroducing orphan crops, such as African eggplant, into farming practices can help diversify the food system, provide nutritious options, and mitigate the impacts of climate-induced scarcities (National Research Council, 2006, pp. 137–153; Swenson, 2022). By investing in the conservation and utilization of underused but nutrient-rich crops like Gilo, farmers can not only enhance food security and sustainability but also contribute to the preservation of agricultural biodiversity and the resilience of agroecosystems in the Pacific Northwest (Han et al., 2021; Lalhmingsanga et al., 2018; Lin, 2011; National Research Council, 2006, pp. 137–153).

4. SOCIAL AND CULTURAL IMPLICATIONS

4.1 Meeting Demand for Ethnic Specialty Crops

By introducing and promoting the cultivation of S. aethiopicum ‘Gilo’ in the Pacific Northwest, local growers can not only meet the increasing demand for ethnic specialty crops but also address the barriers faced by immigrant and refugee populations in accessing culturally appropriate and fresh produce. The availability of these cultural foods can play a vital role in providing a sense of belonging, preserving cultural identity, and fostering connections within the community, particularly for individuals with lived refugee experiences who may be navigating significant life changes and challenges during resettlement (Gingell et al., 2022). According to Mary O. Hearst et al. (2021), chronic health inequities for communities of color are partially attributed to a lack of healthy preferred food access. Moreover, investing in the production and marketing of ethnocultural vegetables can create economic opportunities for small farmers while supporting the health and well-being of diverse immigrant communities in the region (Adekunle et al., 2012; Gingell et al., 2022; Hearst et al., 2021).

4.2 Social and Cultural Benefits of Growing S. aethiopicum ‘Gilo’

Growing S. aethiopicum ‘Gilo’ in the Pacific Northwest, particularly in Seattle and King County, can offer significant social and cultural benefits to the diverse immigrant populations residing in the region (Mangan et al., 2008; Migration Policy Institute, 2014). With an estimated 2.1 million sub-Saharan African immigrants in the United States as of 2019, comprising 5% of the total foreign-born population, the demand for culturally relevant foods is on the rise (Lorenzi & Batalova, 2022). In the Seattle Municipal Area alone, there are approximately 65,000 African immigrants, highlighting the importance of catering to the culinary preferences and dietary needs of these communities (Migration Policy Institute, 2014). The United States Committee for Refugees and Immigrants has observed the growth of refugee communities across the country engaging in the cultivation and sale of native crops, emphasizing the importance of promoting ethnocultural vegetables such as S. aethiopicum ‘Gilo’ (Mangan et al., 2008).

4.3 Bridging Cultural Heritage with Sustainable Agriculture

As demographic profiles continue to shift and the demand for diverse agricultural products grows, the cultivation of Gilo represents an opportunity to bridge the gap between cultural heritage and sustainable agriculture. By recognizing the significance of cultural foods in enhancing food security, promoting social inclusion, and celebrating culinary diversity, growers can contribute to a more vibrant and resilient food landscape (Gingell et al., 2022; Harper, 2018; Hearst et al., 2021). Embracing the cultivation of ethnocultural vegetables like S. aethiopicum ‘Gilo’ not only supports the dietary preferences of immigrant populations but also strengthens the cultural fabric of the community, fostering a more inclusive and interconnected food system in the Pacific Northwest (Adekunle et al., 2012; Gingell et al., 2022; Harper, 2018; Hearst et al., 2021).

5. HEALTH BENEFITS AND MEDICINAL USES

5.1 Nutritional Benefits of S. aethiopicum ‘Gilo’

Cultivating S. aethiopicum ‘Gilo’ offers a multitude of benefits due to the nutritional content found in its leaves, which provide essential nutrients such as protein, fiber, calcium, iron, potassium, vitamin A, vitamin C, and various B-vitamins (Han et al., 2021; Lalhmingsanga et al., 2018; Lin et al., 2009, pp. 230–232; Maundu et al., 2023). The protein content supports muscle growth and repair, while fiber aids in digestion and weight management (Lalhmingsanga et al., 2018; Maundu et al., 2023). Additionally, the presence of calcium, iron, and other vitamins and minerals contribute to overall health by supporting bone strength, red blood cell production, immune function, and vision health (Lalhmingsanga et al., 2018; Maundu et al., 2023). Furthermore, Solanum aethiopicum ‘Gilo’ leaves contain phytochemical compounds with antioxidant properties, anti-inflammatory effects, and metabolic benefits, making them a valuable addition to a balanced diet (Ienciu et al., 2022; Maundu et al., 2023).

5.2 Medicinal Uses in Indigenous African Medicine

In addition to its nutritional benefits, S. aethiopicum ‘Gilo’ has a long history of use in indigenous African medicine for various ailments (Daunay et al., 2000; National Research Council, 2006, pp. 137–153). An alcohol extract of leaves is used as a sedative, anti-emetic, and to treat tetanus after miscarriage and abortion (Yang & C. Ojiewo, 2013). The roots, fruits, and leaves of the plant have been used as carminatives, sedatives, and treatments for conditions like high blood pressure, colic, and uterine complaints (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 2024; Lalhmingsanga et al., 2018; Yang & C. Ojiewo, 2013). Fruits of bitter cultivars have been utilized for their analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and other medicinal properties (Ienciu et al., 2022; Yang & C. Ojiewo, 2013). These medicinal uses highlight the versatile nature of ‘Gilo’ beyond its culinary appeal, highlighting its value in traditional healing practices.

5.3 Health Benefits and Metabolic Effects

Studies have shown that many tropical species of eggplant, including S. aethiopicum ‘Gilo’, have positive metabolic effects when consumed regularly (Daunay et al., 2000; Essien et al., 2021; Ienciu et al., 2022; Lalhmingsanga et al., 2018). Gilo causes significant improvement in some blood parameters, including packed cell volume, white blood cell counts, and overall blood platelet counts (Daunay et al., 2000; Essien et al., 2021). Compounds found in eggplants, such as amides and alkaloids, exhibit antibacterial and antioxidant properties that may aid in combating various health issues (Lalhmingsanga et al., 2018). The functional nutrients and phytochemicals present in S. aethiopicum ‘Gilo’ offer a broad range of health benefits, making it a valuable addition to both culinary dishes and traditional medicinal practices (Ienciu et al., 2022). Cultivating Solanum aethiopicum ‘Gilo’ in the Pacific Northwest would not only provide a diverse range of essential nutrients and potential health benefits but also offer a unique opportunity to integrate traditional indigenous African medicinal practices with modern dietary needs, making it a valuable addition to local agriculture and culinary traditions while promoting holistic well-being and nutritional diversity.

6. ECONOMIC AND MARKET POTENTIAL

6.1 Market Potential of S. aethiopicum ‘Gilo’

The cultivation of S. aethiopicum ‘Gilo’ in the Pacific Northwest presents a promising avenue for farmers to tap into the rising demand for novel produce and nutritious food and is increasingly sought after by consumers interested in diverse and culturally significant vegetables, creating a lucrative market opportunity in the region (Adekunle et al., 2012; Govindasamy et al., 2010; Maynard, 2016).

6.2 Success Stories and Economic Opportunities

Success stories like that of Janine Ndagijimana, who transformed her small-scale African eggplant farming venture in Vermont into a flourishing business through strategic marketing and community engagement, underscore the economic potential of cultivating Gilo in response to evolving market trends (Dierking, 2018). The USDA’s Sustainable Agriculture, Research, and Education (SARE) program has also taken an interest in small scale African eggplant production and has awarded grants to farmers seeking to cultivate S. aethiopicum in the United States (Doucoure, 2022; Kragnes, 2023). Furthermore, insights from a UMass study estimating the production costs of “ethnic” eggplant varieties at $6000 per acre provide valuable guidance for farmers looking to venture into growing S. aethiopicum ‘Gilo’ (Maynard, 2016). By understanding these cost estimates and production considerations, farmers can make informed decisions about resource allocation, cultivation strategies, marketing channels, and financial planning to optimize profitability (Govindasamy et al., 2010; Mangan et al., 2024). Integrating these research findings into the argument for growing Gilo in the Pacific Northwest would enable farmers to navigate the complexities of agribusiness, mitigate risks, and capitalize on emerging market opportunities effectively.

6.3 Research-Driven Approach to Economic Feasibility

By adopting a research-driven approach to evaluating the economic feasibility of introducing new crops like Gilo to the market, farmers can harness the full economic potential of Gilo (Adekunle et al., 2012; Govindasamy et al., 2010). Understanding production costs, market demand trends, and success stories in the industry provides a comprehensive framework for farmers to enhance profitability, foster agricultural innovation, and drive economic growth in the region’s farming communities (Adekunle et al., 2012; Mangan et al., 2008). This strategic and data-driven approach, combined with the growing consumer interest in diverse and nutritious vegetables, positions S. aethiopicum ‘Gilo’ as an asset in the agricultural landscape of the Pacific Northwest, offering both economic opportunities for farmers and flavorful, culturally significant produce for consumers (Govindasamy et al., 2010; Mangan et al., 2008).

7. POTENTIAL FOR SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH

7.1 Genetic Enhancement and Plant Breeding of S. aethiopicum ‘Gilo’

The scientific study of S. aethiopicum ‘Gilo’ in the Pacific Northwest can provide valuable insights into its agronomic characteristics, nutritional content, and potential medicinal properties (Daunay et al., 2000; Han et al., 2021; National Research Council, 2006, pp. 137–153; Yang & C. Ojiewo, 2013). Despite receiving little production research, African eggplants show excellent potential for genetic enhancement through simple selection, plant breeding, and potentially hybridization (Daunay et al., 2000; Han et al., 2021; National Research Council, 2006, pp. 137–153). Research into enhancing African garden eggs for increased yield, disease resistance, and diverse fruit characteristics can help create varieties better suited to specific growing conditions in the region (National Research Council, 2006, pp. 137–153; Yang & C. Ojiewo, 2013). By tapping into the genetic diversity of Gilo and leveraging advancements in biotechnology, breeders can potentially develop new varieties with enhanced traits, such as resistance to pests, diseases, and environmental stresses (Daunay et al., 2000; Han et al., 2021; Nkansah et al., 2013; Yang & C. Ojiewo, 2013).

7.2 Potential as Genetic Resource for Improving Global Crops

S. aethiopicum ‘Gilo’s genetic closeness to major global crops in the Solanaceae family, such as tomatoes, peppers, potatoes, and eggplants, opens possibilities for using African eggplants as a genetic resource to improve these crops (Daunay et al., 2000; National Research Council, 2006, pp. 137–153). The discovery of resistance traits in African eggplants, such as resistance to atrazine, tobacco mosaic virus, and various pathogens, can potentially be harnessed to enhance the disease resistance of other important crops (Han et al., 2021; National Research Council, 2006, pp. 137–153). The potential use of African eggplants for controlling pests and diseases in commercial crops underscores the broader applications and ecological benefits that this crop could offer to agricultural systems in the Pacific Northwest (National Research Council, 2006, pp. 137–153).

7.3 Advancing Agricultural Knowledge through Scientific Research

Scientific exploration into S. aethiopicum ‘Gilo’ in the Pacific Northwest holds immense promise for advancing agricultural knowledge, improving crop productivity, and promoting sustainable farming practices (National Research Council, 2006, pp. 137–153; Yang & C. Ojiewo, 2013). By delving into the genetic diversity, agronomic traits, and potential applications of African eggplants, researchers can pave the way for innovative breeding programs, biotechnological advancements, and enhanced agronomic practices (National Research Council, 2006, pp. 137–153). The research findings and genetic resources derived from studying African eggplants can contribute to the overall resilience, diversity, and sustainability of agricultural systems in the Pacific Northwest and beyond (Daunay et al., 2000; Han et al., 2021).

CONCLUSION

The cultivation of Solanum aethiopicum ‘Gilo’ in the Pacific Northwest presents a distinct opportunity for farmers in the region to tap into the growing market demand for novel produce and culturally significant vegetables. While the crop may require extra attention and care due to its unique characteristics, including its flavor profile, nutritional benefits, and cultural significance, the potential economic benefits make it a valuable addition to local agriculture. By leveraging research-driven insights and the success stories of small-scale growers, farmers can navigate the challenges and opportunities associated with growing S. aethiopicum ‘Gilo’ effectively.

To maximize the value of cultivating Gilo in the Pacific Northwest, it is essential to consider factors such as its environmental impact, social and cultural implications, and economic viability. Through strategic planning, resource optimization, and innovative cultivation practices, farmers can enhance the crop’s economic potential while promoting sustainable agriculture and preserving cultural heritage. Research and innovation will play a crucial role in advancing knowledge and practices related to growing S. aethiopicum ‘Gilo’, enabling farmers to capitalize on its unique attributes and meet the evolving market demand for diverse and nutritious vegetables. By embracing this crop and its benefits, the Pacific Northwest can further diversify its agricultural landscape, foster economic growth, and offer consumers a flavorful and culturally enriching produce option.

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Project Overview: Solanum aethiopicum ‘Gilo’ Replicated Variety Trial

April 6, 2024 / Sarah D / 0 Comments

Multi-Quarter Overview

The 2024 Solanum aethiopicum ‘Gilo’ Variety Trial at the Evergreen Organic Farm is a multi-quarter, multi-student project designed to evaluate four varieties of S. aethiopicum ‘Gilo’ in the categories of germination, vigor, insect and disease resistance, yield and marketability, and flavor.

Specific learning objectives are to study the design and implementation of variety trials, to establish parameters and rubrics for evaluating S. aethiopicum ‘Gilo’, to learn how to assess selected varieties for insect and disease resistance, to collect data regarding yield and marketable yield, to assess the possibilities for marketing ‘Gilo’ in the Pacific Northwest, to create educational materials for customers of the Organic Farm, and to establish tasting protocols to be utilized when evaluating S. aethiopicum for flavor.

Students will utilize a selected field at the Evergreen Organic Farm to create a replicated variety trial for S. aethiopicum ‘Gilo’ and assess the suitability of the selected varieties for the farm and the climate of the Pacific Northwest.

Spring Quarter Overview

Student researchers will study replicated variety trials, specifically variety trial design, and will plan the design of the Solanum aethiopicum ‘Gilo’ variety trial at the Evergreen Organic Farm; they will then produce a cited report on the S. aethiopicum variety trial design, accounting for methodology across several different variables, such as plant spacing, trellising, soil amendment, mulch, and irrigation.

Students will design and implement a germination study and a vigor study surrounding the ‘Gilo’ varieties being grown in the trial, and they will produce a cited paper for each study, focusing on methodology and findings.

Additionally, students will complete a literature review, which could cover botanical information, cultivation, agricultural best practices, pest pressures, and disease issues surrounding S. aethiopicum ‘Gilo’.

2024 Solanum aethiopicum Gilo Replicated Variety Trial at the Evergreen Organic Farm