{"id":255,"date":"2017-02-02T11:16:33","date_gmt":"2017-02-02T18:16:33","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/sites.evergreen.edu\/ccc\/?page_id=255"},"modified":"2017-07-18T22:22:40","modified_gmt":"2017-07-19T05:22:40","slug":"trans-pecos-pipeline","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/sites.evergreen.edu\/ccc\/energy-domestic\/trans-pecos-pipeline\/","title":{"rendered":"Water Protectors Against the Trans-Pecos Pipeline"},"content":{"rendered":"<figure id=\"attachment_1014\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-1014\" style=\"width: 571px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\" wp-image-1014\" src=\"https:\/\/sites.evergreen.edu\/ccc\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/270\/2017\/02\/univision-tppl-300x225.jpeg\" alt=\"(Credit: The Society of Native Nations, Univision)\" width=\"571\" height=\"428\" srcset=\"https:\/\/sites.evergreen.edu\/ccc\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/270\/2017\/02\/univision-tppl-300x225.jpeg 300w, https:\/\/sites.evergreen.edu\/ccc\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/270\/2017\/02\/univision-tppl-768x576.jpeg 768w, https:\/\/sites.evergreen.edu\/ccc\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/270\/2017\/02\/univision-tppl.jpeg 956w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 571px) 100vw, 571px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-1014\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">(Credit: The Society of Native Nations, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.univision.com\/dallas\/kuvn\/noticias\/activismo\/two-rivers-camp-un-movimiento-en-contra-del-gasoducto-trans-pecos-fotos\">Univision<\/a>)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<h2>Roma Castellanos<\/h2>\n<p>The resistance at Standing Rock has caused ripple effects around the world (see <a href=\"https:\/\/sites.evergreen.edu\/ccc\/energy-domestic\/oil-and-indigenous-resistance-at-standing-rock-becca\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Standing Rock<\/a>) .\u00a0 Just weeks after the <a href=\"https:\/\/itsgoingdown.org\/olympia-wa-north-dakota-fracking-equipment-blocked-train-tracks-barricaded\/\">week-long Port protest<\/a> here in Olympia, Washington, the Obama administration temporarily denied an easement permit for the Dakota Access Pipeline to drill under the Missouri River at sacred Lake Oahe.\u00a0 The resistance to fossil fuel development is growing quickly around the country.\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>In Texas, where I was born and raised, the Society of Native Nations and the Big Bend Conservation Alliance are assembling a camp inspired by Oceti Sakowin, the Indigenous prayer camp at Standing Rock, to protect the border&#8217;s waterway, known as the Rio Grande, from the Trans-Pecos Pipeline (TPPL).\u00a0 The TPPL project is being led by Energy Transfer Partners (ETP), the same company being opposed in North Dakota.\u00a0 This fight against another &#8220;Black Snake&#8221; takes place in the Chihuahuan Desert where a few of the 43 Texas ranchers to have their land threatened by eminent domain invited a coalition of Indigenous activists and environmentalists to set up a prayer and resistance camp.\u00a0 They call it Two Rivers, but the local Indigenous peoples refer to it as La Junta de los Rios (The Rivers Together), an allusion to the true nature of the Rio Grande.<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px\"><em>\u201cOpposition to Trans-Pecos escalated over the last two years. It started with local coalitions and landowners pressuring federal and state regulators, and challenging the use of eminent domain in courts. But tactics have shifted to mirror the example set by the Oceti Sakowin camp in North Dakota. Indigenous-led prayer ceremonies and lockdowns on machinery, all broadcast over social media, have stalled work in Texas and brought attention to the campaign. So far, police have arrested at least six people for attempting to stop construction&#8221;<\/em> (<a href=\"http:\/\/www.pbs.org\/newshour\/updates\/new-pipeline-clashes-call-standing-rock-playbook\/\">PBS Newshour<\/a>).<\/p>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" width=\"660\" height=\"371\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/ZXM79v_qn40?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe><\/p>\n<p>The video above shows Frankie Orona from the San Antonio-based Society of Native Nations (SNN).\u00a0 Orona and Pete Hefflin, also from SNN, are crucial organizers at the camp.<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px\"><em>&#8220;&#8216;The closing of the camp [Oceti Sakowin] is not the end of a movement or fight, it is a new beginning,&#8217; said Tom Goldtooth, executive director of the Indigenous Environmental Network. &#8216;They cannot extinguish the fire that Standing Rock started.&#8217; Protesters said they might shift their attention to the Sabal Trail pipeline, which would ship natural gas from Alabama to Florida, or the Trans-Pecos line in West Texas and the Diamond Pipeline, which would run from Oklahoma to Tennessee&#8221;<\/em> (<a href=\"http:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-north-dakota-pipeline-idUSKBN1640BH\">Sylvester<\/a>).<\/p>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: left\">Coming Together<\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: left\">It is important to understand the timeline of events leading up to the current resistance in Texas.\u00a0 Of course, there are actually\u00a0 multiple timelines and if they were drawn out they might be reminiscent of the rivers themselves, running along, moving mountains, seemingly separating us, but in reality bringing us together.\u00a0 Part of the timeline can be seen in the geography of the region.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_1411\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-1411\" style=\"width: 616px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\" wp-image-1411\" src=\"https:\/\/sites.evergreen.edu\/ccc\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/270\/2017\/02\/moon-map-300x213.jpg\" alt=\"Regional map of Texas (Credit: Moon Travel Guides)\" width=\"616\" height=\"438\" srcset=\"https:\/\/sites.evergreen.edu\/ccc\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/270\/2017\/02\/moon-map-300x213.jpg 300w, https:\/\/sites.evergreen.edu\/ccc\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/270\/2017\/02\/moon-map-768x545.jpg 768w, https:\/\/sites.evergreen.edu\/ccc\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/270\/2017\/02\/moon-map-1024x727.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/sites.evergreen.edu\/ccc\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/270\/2017\/02\/moon-map.jpg 1200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 616px) 100vw, 616px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-1411\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Regional map of Texas<br \/>\n (Credit: <a href=\"http:\/\/moon.com\/2014\/01\/texas-slang-and-twang-how-to-talk-like-a-texan\/\">Moon Travel Guides<\/a>)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>The familiar shape of Texas actually represents a massively diverse ecosystem, connected to the south by the great Rio Grande (R\u00edo Bravo in Mexico).\u00a0 Our focus is on the El Paso, West Texas, and Big Bend regions.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_1396\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-1396\" style=\"width: 622px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"wp-image-1396\" src=\"https:\/\/sites.evergreen.edu\/ccc\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/270\/2017\/02\/La-Junta-district-300x234.jpg\" alt=\"(Credit: Sul Ross University, Center for Big Bend Studies)\" width=\"622\" height=\"485\" srcset=\"https:\/\/sites.evergreen.edu\/ccc\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/270\/2017\/02\/La-Junta-district-300x234.jpg 300w, https:\/\/sites.evergreen.edu\/ccc\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/270\/2017\/02\/La-Junta-district-768x598.jpg 768w, https:\/\/sites.evergreen.edu\/ccc\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/270\/2017\/02\/La-Junta-district.jpg 1000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 622px) 100vw, 622px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-1396\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">La Junta de los Rios (Credit: <a href=\"http:\/\/www.texasbeyondhistory.net\/junta\/index.html\">Sul Ross University, Center for Big Bend Studies<\/a>)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>Here, the sister cities of Presidio and Ojinaga mark the confluence of the Rio Conchos and Rio Grande, forming a desert oasis in the shadow of the Trans-Pecos Mountains.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_1397\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-1397\" style=\"width: 625px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"wp-image-1397\" src=\"https:\/\/sites.evergreen.edu\/ccc\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/270\/2017\/02\/waha_transpecos_county_maps_overview-low-res--300x197.jpg\" alt=\"(Credit: ETP)\" width=\"625\" height=\"410\" srcset=\"https:\/\/sites.evergreen.edu\/ccc\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/270\/2017\/02\/waha_transpecos_county_maps_overview-low-res--300x197.jpg 300w, https:\/\/sites.evergreen.edu\/ccc\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/270\/2017\/02\/waha_transpecos_county_maps_overview-low-res-.jpg 597w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 625px) 100vw, 625px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-1397\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">&#8220;The Route&#8221; as shown on Energy Transfer&#8217;s Website (Credit: <a href=\"http:\/\/transpecospipelinefacts.com\/\">ETP<\/a>)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>Energy Transfer Partners makes it all but impossible to understand the truth around the pipeline project.\u00a0 Their website &#8220;transpecospipelinefacts.com&#8221; should only be used as a tool for generating responses to popular arguments such as job creation and energy independence.<\/p>\n<div id=\"block-22a6518b629ace6cd650\" class=\"sqs-block html-block sqs-block-html\">\n<p class=\"sqs-block-content\">Here&#8217;s what&#8217;s really going on.<\/p>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" width=\"660\" height=\"371\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/QbHJHqdY_fk?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe><\/p>\n<h3 class=\"sqs-block-content\">La Resistencia<\/h3>\n<div class=\"sqs-block-content\">On January 1, 2017, the day after Two Rivers Camp opened, <a id=\"yui_3_17_2_1_1488229648207_312\" href=\"http:\/\/honorearth.org\">Honor the Earth<\/a>, <a href=\"http:\/\/sacredstonecamp.org\">Sacred Stone Camp<\/a>, <a href=\"http:\/\/ienearth.org\">Indigenous Environmental Network<\/a>, and the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/IIYCstandingrock\/?fref=ts\">International Indigenous Youth Council<\/a> released a list of ten Indigenous and environmental struggles to support.\u00a0 They included the Trans-Pecos and Comanche Trail pipelines with the caption below.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"sqs-block-content\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<div class=\"sqs-block-content\" style=\"padding-left: 30px\"><em>&#8220;In May 2016, the Obama administration approved two pipeline projects by Energy Transfer Partners, the same company behind DAPL. The <a href=\"http:\/\/www.ferc.gov\/CalendarFiles\/20160505155037-CP15-500-000.pdf\">Trans-Pecos<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ferc.gov\/whats-new\/comm-meet\/2016\/051916\/C-1.pdf\">Comanche Trail<\/a> pipelines would carry fracked gas from Texas into Mexico, where it will supply the Mexican energy grid. <a href=\"http:\/\/societyofnativenations.org\/tworiverscamp.html\">The Two Rivers camp<\/a> is a resistance camp being erected in the face of the Trans-Pecos pipeline. Support their<a href=\"https:\/\/fundrazr.com\/81C2nb\"> legal defense fund<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.gofundme.com\/Official-Two-Rivers-Camp\">camp fundraiser<\/a>. Or support the efforts of <a href=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/groups\/500443543445123\/?hc_location=ufi\">No Trans Pecos Pipeline<\/a>, the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/bigbendconservationalliance\/?fref=nf&amp;hc_location=ufi\">Big Bend Conservation Alliance<\/a>, and the<a href=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/FronteraWaterProtectors\/?hc_location=ufi\"> Frontera Water Protection Alliance<\/a> as they organize against these pipelines&#8221;<\/em> (<a href=\"http:\/\/sacredstonecamp.org\/blog\/2016\/12\/31\/standing-rock-to-the-world-10-indigenous-and-environmental-struggles-you-can-support-in-2017\">Sacred Stone Camp<\/a>).<\/div>\n<h2><strong>Black Snake<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: left\">&#8220;The pipelines are the dark fulfillment of an ancestral Lakota Sioux prophecy they call the Black Snake&#8221; (<a href=\"http:\/\/www.vogue.com\/article\/donald-trump-dakota-pipeline-dapl-resistance\">Bengal<\/a>).<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_1635\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-1635\" style=\"width: 568px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\" wp-image-1635\" src=\"https:\/\/sites.evergreen.edu\/ccc\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/270\/2017\/02\/black-snake-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"A graphic created by an anonymous Mardi Gras crew for their march against DAPL (Credit: Guise of Fawkes)\" width=\"568\" height=\"320\" srcset=\"https:\/\/sites.evergreen.edu\/ccc\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/270\/2017\/02\/black-snake-300x169.jpg 300w, https:\/\/sites.evergreen.edu\/ccc\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/270\/2017\/02\/black-snake.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 568px) 100vw, 568px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-1635\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">A graphic created by an anonymous Mardi Gras crew for their march against DAPL<br \/>\n (Credit: <a href=\"https:\/\/guiseoffawkes.wordpress.com\/2016\/11\/10\/new-orleans-nov13th-guise-of-fawkes-krewe-new-blood-membership-meetup-nodapl\/\">Guise of Fawkes<\/a>)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<!--[if lt IE 9]><script>document.createElement('audio');<\/script><![endif]-->\n<audio class=\"wp-audio-shortcode\" id=\"audio-255-1\" preload=\"none\" style=\"width: 100%;\" controls=\"controls\"><source type=\"audio\/mpeg\" src=\"http:\/\/marfapublicradio.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/02\/170224-Beauvais-Two-Rivers.mp3?_=1\" \/><a href=\"http:\/\/marfapublicradio.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/02\/170224-Beauvais-Two-Rivers.mp3\">http:\/\/marfapublicradio.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/02\/170224-Beauvais-Two-Rivers.mp3<\/a><\/audio>\n<p style=\"text-align: left\">It can be distracting to immerse oneself in the propaganda of the pipeline companies.\u00a0 However, there is value in understanding their frameworks, protocols, and &#8220;following the money&#8221; by identifying the role stockholders, board members, and politicians play in influencing their decision-making.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left\">There are three partners involved in the Trans-Pecos project that make up what they call a consortium.\u00a0 The first is Grupo Carso; also called Grupo Sanborns SAB, this global, conglomerate company is owned by Carlos Slim Hel\u00fa, the &#8220;richest man in Mexico.&#8221;\u00a0 His empire is known to engage in the retail, industrial, and construction business (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.forbes.com\/companies\/grupo-carso\/\">Sh<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/www.forbes.com\/companies\/grupo-carso\/\">aefer<\/a>).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;padding-left: 30px\"><em>&#8220;Despite promises to Texans by <span class=\"caps\">ETP<\/span> and Carso Group Chairman and <span class=\"caps\">CEO<\/span> Carlos Slim that all of the fracked gas is intended for Mexico, those connected with <span class=\"caps\">TPP<\/span> now admit that the end goal for much of the exported gas is a new liquefied natural gas (<span class=\"caps\">LNG<\/span>) facility on Mexico\u2019s Pacific\u00a0coast&#8221;<\/em> (<a href=\"http:\/\/www.theenergycollective.com\/desmog\/2397707\/where-is-fracked-gas-really-headed-as-it-passes-through-texas-trans-pecos-pipeline\">DeSmogBlog<\/a>).<\/p>\n<p>The Young Turks Politics reporter Jordan Chariton is the only journalist covering the TPP consistently. He discusses Carlos Slim&#8217;s influence in the video below making the connection between the privatization of Mexican oil, Trans-Pacific trade deals, and global politics.<\/p>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" width=\"660\" height=\"371\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/tDh0fq_GRGg?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe><\/p>\n<h3>Kelcy Warren<\/h3>\n<p>The second head of the Black Snake is Energy Transfer Partners CEO Kelcy Warren. Warren worked in the natural gas industry and became co-chair of Energy Transfer Equity in 2007. With business partner Ray Davis, co-owner of the Texas Rangers baseball team, Warren built Energy Transfer Equity into one of the nation&#8217;s largest pipeline companies, which <a href=\"http:\/\/www.energytransfer.com\/company_overview.aspx\">now owns<\/a> about 71,000 miles of pipelines carrying natural gas, natural gas liquids, refined products and crude oil. The company&#8217;s holdings include Sunoco, Southern Union and Regency Energy Partners.<\/p>\n<p>Forbes estimates Warren&#8217;s personal wealth at $4 billion. <a href=\"http:\/\/www.bloomberg.com\/news\/features\/2015-05-19\/pipeline-billionaire-kelcy-warren-is-having-fun-in-the-oil-bust\">Bloomberg described him<\/a> as &#8220;among America&#8217;s new shale tycoons&#8221; \u2014 but rather than building a fortune by drilling he &#8220;takes the stuff others pull from underground and moves it from one place to another, chilling, boiling, pressurizing, and processing it until it&#8217;s worth more than when it burst from the wellhead&#8221; (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.facingsouth.org\/2016\/09\/meet-texas-billionaire-and-gop-donor-behind-north-dakota-pipeline-controversy\">Sturgis<\/a>).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left\">when talking to people back home in Texas, one of the main arguments I hear for oil pipelines is job creation.\u00a0 Their understanding is fundamentally flawed because the jobs created by pipeline construction are given to transient workers from the outside, and when construction is complete these workers move on, leaving only debris behind.\u00a0 MasTec Inc. is the company in charge of staffing for the TPPL project and can be considered the third head of the Trans-Pecos Black Snake.\u00a0 They&#8217;ve supplied the approximately 350 temporary workers on the project (<a href=\"http:\/\/www.theenergycollective.com\/desmog\/2397707\/where-is-fracked-gas-really-headed-as-it-passes-through-texas-trans-pecos-pipeline\">DeSmogBlog<\/a>).<\/p>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" width=\"660\" height=\"371\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/kBqzDexsa8w?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe><\/p>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: left\">(De)Regulation<\/h3>\n<p style=\"text-align: left\">Federal regulators on both sides of the river are partial to completing the pipeline.\u00a0 Mexico&#8217;s Federal Electricity Commission awarded the nearly $770 million <a href=\"http:\/\/www.expressnews.com\/news\/local\/article\/Pipeline-bound-for-pristine-Big-Bend-6194216.php#photo-7805115\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">contract<\/a> to Slim and Warren in February 2015.\u00a0 Its reasoning was that the project will bring &#8220;much needed&#8221; natural gas to Mexico where residents are reliant on propane, coal, and wood power.\u00a0 In reality, according to the U.S. Energy Information Administration&#8217;s <a href=\"https:\/\/www.eia.gov\/analysis\/studies\/worldshalegas\/pdf\/overview.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">2013 assessment of world shale gas resources<\/a>, Mexico already had an estimated 545 trillion cubic feet of technically recoverable shale gas resources \u2014 the sixth largest of any country examined in the study (<a href=\"http:\/\/www.theenergycollective.com\/desmog\/2397707\/where-is-fracked-gas-really-headed-as-it-passes-through-texas-trans-pecos-pipeline\">DeSmog Blog<\/a>).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left\">The U.S. Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) is just as fraught with corruption.\u00a0 Despite a massive letter writing campaign called <a href=\"http:\/\/dearferc.com\/\">Dear FERC<\/a> with over 1,200 statements, the permit was granted allowing construction to proceed. A prophetic photographer, Jessica Lutz, was able to document the project as an offshoot of her ongoing explorations into border communities. Below are some of the crucial comments made in the Dear FERC project.<\/p>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/player.vimeo.com\/video\/169047558\" width=\"660\" height=\"371\" frameborder=\"0\" title=\"Dear Ferc (Federal Energy Regulatory Commission), Marfa Tx 2016\" webkitallowfullscreen mozallowfullscreen allowfullscreen><\/iframe><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left\">For the pipeline to be built across the Rio Grande it should be considered interstate, but ETP avoided this classification and was able to convince the\u00a0 Texas Railroad Commission to consider the pipeline intrastate, requiring only a T-4 form instead of the more complicated Presidential Permit. The Texas Railroad Commission is extremely lenient towards energy developers and granted the permit for intrastate construction in April 2015, just a month after landowner notifications were sent out (<a href=\"http:\/\/www.motherjones.com\/environment\/2015\/05\/texas-pipeline-controversy-trans-pecos\">Schatz<\/a>).<\/p>\n<p>Another way the Black Snake avoids regulation is the Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission case, which made it easier for multinational corporations to contribute unlimited sums of money to political campaigns.\u00a0 Thus, Kelcy Warren was able to contribute to a political climate in Texas which favored pipeline projects.<\/p>\n<h3>Revolving Door<\/h3>\n<p>In November 2016, Democracy Now&#8217;s Amy Goodman sat down with Sue Sturgis, editorial director of <em>Facing South <\/em>and author of a recent <a href=\"https:\/\/www.facingsouth.org\/2016\/09\/meet-texas-billionaire-and-gop-donor-behind-north-dakota-pipeline-controversy\">piece<\/a> headlined &#8220;Meet the Texas Billionaire and <span class=\"caps\">GOP<\/span> Donor Behind the North Dakota Pipeline Controversy.&#8221;\u00a0 Below is an excerpt from the interview which illustrates how politics in Texas and the country as a whole are shaped by these contributions (read: bribes).<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px\"><em>[Warren&#8217;s] donated millions of dollars to politics at both the federal and state levels, and much of that money has gone to Republican politicians. During this election cycle, as was mentioned, he\u2019s donated at least $500,000 to Rick Perry\u2019s presidential campaign. And since the primary, he has donated at least $100,000 to organizations that support Donald Trump. Then, also, at the state level, he has been a big supporter of Governor Greg Abbott of Texas, and last year Abbott appointed Warren to the Texas Parks and Wildlife Commission.<\/em><\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px\"><em>And at the same time that Kelcy Warren is making campaign contributions, Energy Transfer Partners has its own <span class=\"caps\">PAC<\/span> that\u2019s also making contributions. So you have this sort of synergistic thing happening between, you know, the contributions, the investments from Warren and from the company, and politics. And during this election cycle, Energy Transfer Partners has invested about $300,000. That\u2019s what we know of so far. Of course, these are moving figures; we\u2019ll probably find out more after the election, when all the reports are in. But about $300,000 to federal candidates, and that\u2019s primarily House and Senate candidates. And then the company is also making investments in state politics, about $100,000 this election cycle so far<\/em> (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.democracynow.org\/2016\/11\/3\/who_is_kelcy_warren_the_texas\">Sturgis<\/a>).<\/p>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" width=\"660\" height=\"371\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/aWPGri0SkYo?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe><\/p>\n<h3>Music and Vibration<\/h3>\n<figure id=\"attachment_1578\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-1578\" style=\"width: 573px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"wp-image-1578\" src=\"https:\/\/sites.evergreen.edu\/ccc\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/270\/2017\/02\/kelcy-music-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"Kelcy Warren (Credit: Austin-American Statesman)\" width=\"573\" height=\"323\" srcset=\"https:\/\/sites.evergreen.edu\/ccc\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/270\/2017\/02\/kelcy-music-300x169.jpg 300w, https:\/\/sites.evergreen.edu\/ccc\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/270\/2017\/02\/kelcy-music.jpg 750w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 573px) 100vw, 573px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-1578\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Kelcy Warren (Credit: <a href=\"http:\/\/www.mystatesman.com\/news\/state--regional-govt--politics\/trans-pecos-pipeline-mogul-plans-divide-austin-area-musicians\/8jTaWVqKoZD1j2YyT5N5BL\/\">Austin-American Statesman<\/a>)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>There&#8217;s another timeline which crosses back-and-forth with the project timeline that involves local and world-famous musicians on both sides of the issue.<\/p>\n<p>Warren <a href=\"http:\/\/www.statesman.com\/news\/entertainment\/music-road-records-paves-the-way-for-both-new-and-\/nfPQP\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">owns a music studio and label<\/a> in Austin and organizes the annual <a href=\"http:\/\/music.blog.austin360.com\/2015\/05\/18\/cherokee-creek-music-fest-a-hidden-hill-country-gem\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Cherokee Creek Music Festival<\/a> at his Hill Country ranch between Llano and San Saba.<\/p>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" width=\"660\" height=\"371\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/33kV-_jUuw8?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe><\/p>\n<p>Jackson Browne performed at Warren&#8217;s Cherokee Creek Music Festival in 2011, but has since made it clear that he will not play for Kelcy Warren for the foreseeable future:<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px\"><em>&#8220;Jackson Browne has stood in solidarity with Native peoples protecting their lands, water and lifeways for more than 37 years. His work to support Native-led efforts to protect the Earth began in 1979 when he came to the Black Hills and Four Corners area to help stop uranium mining. Through the decades, he has lent his voice, his talent, his time and his fame to raise awareness and funds for Native communities working for a safe and healthy future for us all. Thank you, Jackson, for continuing your stand and for supporting the resistance at Standing Rock&#8221;<\/em> (<a href=\"https:\/\/indiancountrymedianetwork.com\/news\/singer-songwriter-jackson-browne-makes-statement-regarding-the-dakota-access-pipeline\/\">ICMN Staff<\/a>).<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px\"><em>&#8220;I do not play for oil interests. I do not play for companies who defile nature, or companies who attack demonstrators with trained attack dogs and pepper spray. I certainly would not have allowed my songs to be recorded by a record company whose owner\u2019s other business does what Energy Transfer Partners is allegedly doing\u2014threatening the water supply and the sacred sites of indigenous people&#8221;<\/em> (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.democracynow.org\/2016\/11\/3\/i_do_not_play_for_oil\">Browne<\/a>).<\/p>\n<p>Other musicians speaking out against the pipeline include Emily Saliers and Amy Ray, better known as the folk duo Indigo Girls, Shawn Colvin, Joan Osborne, Keb\u2019 Mo\u2019, Scrappy Jud Newcomb, James McMurtry, and Patty Griffin.<\/p>\n<h2>Education and Oil<\/h2>\n<p>Texas public schools are also on both sides of the issue.<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px\"><em>The Texas Economic Development Act, the state\u2019s largest corporate welfare program, has grown rapidly over the last decade and will cost taxpayers at least $8.5 billion in property tax breaks to businesses through its lifetime, according to a\u00a0Texas Observer analysis of data from the comptroller\u2019s office. That\u2019s money that comes out of the struggling public school finance system. Last year, Chapter 313 bled $326 million from Texas schools, and it\u2019s projected to grow to $1.1 billion per year by 2022.<\/em><\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;text-align: left\"><em>Commonly called Chapter 313 for its place in the tax code, the program was created by the Legislature in 2001 based in part on a <a href=\"https:\/\/www.texasobserver.org\/rationale-for-texas-largest-corporate-welfare-program-was-a-typographical-error\/\">typo in a report<\/a> that showed Texas losing its competitive edge to other states. Lawmakers believed that Texas needed to offer big breaks on property taxes to lure business to the state. Under Chapter 313, school districts can strike deals with corporations to reduce their property tax obligations by up to 90 percent for 10 years. Because the state picks up the tab and companies often sweeten the pot with supplemental payments, there\u2019s little incentive for school districts not to agree.<\/em><\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px\"><em>There is no limit to how much Chapter 313 could cost the Texas public school system. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.texasobserver.org\/chapter-313-texas-tax-incentive\/\">As the Observer has reported<\/a>, the comptroller\u2019s office, which oversees the program, almost never rejects a proposal, routinely signing off on tax breaks to companies that couldn\u2019t have located in another state or were already planning to build in Texas <\/em>(<a href=\"https:\/\/www.texasobserver.org\/texas-largest-corporate-welfare-program-rapidly-ballooning\/\">Sadasivam<\/a>).<\/p>\n<div class=\"textwidget\">The University of Texas at San Antonio&#8217;s (UTSA) independent student newspaper uncovered some of the conflict of interests their school has in respect to the pipeline.<\/div>\n<div class=\"textwidget\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<div class=\"textwidget\">\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px\"><em>Annual reports from The University of Texas Investment Management Company (UTIMCO) \u00a0show that the UT System has significant financial holdings in Energy Transfer Partners. UTIMCO is the external investment corporation formed in 1996 that oversees investments under its fiduciary control for The University of Texas and Texas A&amp;M Systems. In 2014, UTIMCO reported $104.4 billion in holdings and 180,999 shares in ETE. Additionally, the report shows holdings in two companies wholly owned by ETE, Regency Energy Partners and Sunoco Logistics Partners. UTIMCO holds a $8.3 million investment from Regency Energy Partners and a $6.97 million investment from Sunoco Logistics Partners. UTIMCO also holds shares of stock in those companies: 257,643 and 147,928 shares, respectively.<\/em><\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px\"><em>Further, \u00a0Kelcy Warren, CEO and Chairman of Energy Transfer Partners, LP, serves on UT System Chancellor McRaven\u2019s Executive Council.<\/em><\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px\"><em>The Big Bend Conservation Alliance has outlined the connections between the UT System and oil extraction on their website in a section titled \u201cConflicts of Interest in the University of Texas System.\u201d The page features links to a petition started by the group Environment Texas that calls on Chancellor McRaven to discontinue investing in companies that frack for oil and to cease leasing university land for extraction projects. The leasing of university land generates approximately $600 million dollars a year<\/em> (<a href=\"http:\/\/www.paisano-online.com\/news-articles\/ut-system-financial-ties-trans-pecos-pipline\/\">Birnel<\/a>).<\/p>\n<p>Essentially, the big state universities are profiting off of land being leased to oil companies, while the oil companies get tax breaks for building pipelines on university land.\u00a0 Meanwhile, the taxes they aren&#8217;t paying come out of the yearly budget for public schools.\u00a0 It&#8217;s a vicious cycle indeed.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<h2><strong>La Junta De Los Rios<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p>So far I&#8217;ve outlined the main threats posed by the pipeline and pipelines in general, but the real story is how history is repeating itself, first in North Dakota and now in Texas. In North Dakota we saw a stand-off at Standing Rock reminiscent of the <a href=\"http:\/\/www.npr.org\/sections\/codeswitch\/2016\/11\/22\/502068751\/the-standing-rock-resistance-is-unprecedented-it-s-also-centuries-old\">1973 Wounded Knee<\/a> stand-off in South Dakota. In Texas, the history being repeated goes back to Native peoples&#8217; first encounters with Spanish colonists.<\/p>\n<p id=\"title\" class=\"a-size-large a-spacing-none\">The University of Texas Press, which leases land for oil development, published a regional history text titled, <em><span id=\"productTitle\" class=\"a-size-large\">The River Has Never Divided Us: A Border History of La Junta de los Rios. <br \/>\n <\/span><\/em><\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px\"><em>Not quite the United States and not quite Mexico, La Junta de los Rios straddles the border between Texas and Chihuahua, occupying the basin formed by the conjunction of the Rio Grande and the Rio Conchos. It is one of the oldest continuously inhabited settlements in the Chihuahuan Desert, ranking in age and dignity with the Anasazi pueblos of New Mexico.<\/em><\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px\"><em>In the first comprehensive history of the region, Jefferson Morgenthaler traces the history of La Junta de los Rios from the formation of the Mexico-Texas border in the mid-19th century to the 1997 ambush shooting of teenage goatherd Esquiel Hernandez by U.S. Marines performing drug interdiction in El Polvo, Texas. &#8220;Though it is scores of miles from a major highway, I found natives, soldiers, rebels, bandidos, heroes, scoundrels, drug lords, scalp hunters, medal winners, and mystics,&#8221; writes Morgenthaler. &#8220;I found love, tragedy, struggle, and stories that have never been told.&#8221; In telling the turbulent history of this remote valley oasis, he examines the consequences of a national border running through a community older than the invisible line that divides it<\/em> (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.amazon.com\/River-Has-Never-Divided-Paperback\/dp\/0292702833\">Morgenthaler<\/a>).<\/p>\n<p>It&#8217;s clear that the land and the rivers have a way of connecting us.\u00a0 The pipeline and the wall have brought on a new wave of cooperation between communities of water and earth-protectors on both sides of the river.<\/p>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/player.vimeo.com\/video\/184214342\" width=\"660\" height=\"371\" frameborder=\"0\" title=\"TRAP SPRING SITE DESTROYED BY TRANSPECOS PIPELINE\" webkitallowfullscreen mozallowfullscreen allowfullscreen><\/iframe><\/p>\n<p>Archeologists such as David Keller have been researching La Junta settlements like Trap Springs and are concerned that burial sites and other historically significant and sacred places will be desecrated by pipeline construction.<\/p>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/player.vimeo.com\/video\/192596942\" width=\"660\" height=\"371\" frameborder=\"0\" title=\"Society of Native Nations March, featured in El Paso Time&#039;s coverage of the Trans-Pecos Pipeline in the Big Bend, 2016\" webkitallowfullscreen mozallowfullscreen allowfullscreen><\/iframe><\/p>\n<p>Residents of Alpine, Marfa, Fort Stockton, Terlingua, Lajitas, Boquillas del Carmen, Ojinaga, Fort Davis, Balmorhea, Austin, San Antonio, Houston, Dallas and rural residents of Brewster, Pecos, Reeves, Jeff Davis, and Presidio Counties have been marching and participating in direct actions against the pipeline since 2015. The direct descendants of Native peoples from Texas and Chihuahua, as well as Indigenous water protectors from Standing Rock, have taken the lead in prayer and song providing a powerful spiritual connection to the land which goes back farther than the borders that separate us today.<\/p>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" width=\"660\" height=\"371\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/3Rzl2AvuoJU?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe><\/p>\n<p>The McDonald Observatory and Big Bend National Park have a vested interest in the land and water as well.\u00a0 Some of the locals have also been here for generations and have developed a deep connection to La Junta.\u00a0 The Big Bend Conservation Alliance (BBCA) published a report, <em>Threats Related to Industrialization of the Big Bend Region \u2013 A Focus on The Southern Delaware Basin Energy Development Activity,\u00a0<\/em>outlining the many threats industrialization poses to the Big Bend Region.<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px\"><em>The southern Delaware Basin region borders the Jeff Davis, Presidio, and Brewster county region, \u201chome of the Big Bend,\u201d which includes Davis Mountains State Park, Big Bend Ranch State Park, the Chinati Mountains Preserve, Big Bend National Park itself, and the University of Texas McDonald Observatory, one of North America\u2019s premier research astronomy facilities. These parks, and the research facility are part of an area tourism draw that brings in more than 100,000 visitors to the region annually \u2013 dark-sky tourism is a critical component of the regional economy. Artificial sky-brightness, and light sources, including flaring activity, industrial lighting, and commercial lighting all threaten to dramatically increase artificial sky-glow, and negatively impact this region, which has one of the darkest skies in North America. As potential development of the southern Delaware Basin pushes further south, these light sources move closer to the parks and observatory \u2013 light transmission and brightness is based on what is known as the \u201cinverse square law\u201d \u2013 in other words, a light source that moves twice is close to the viewer\u2019s eye is four times brighter. A source that moves three times closer is nine times brighter, and so on. Currently, the artificial sky-glow, and associated light dome from the greater Permian Basin region is visible on the horizon from approximately 300-miles to the north-northeast. The Delaware Basin activity will push these sources of light to within 25-miles of these parks and research facility. While it is true that the surrounding seven counties are afforded legislative protection for night sky, and outdoor lighting, enforcement is problematic, and certain activities, like flaring are exempt from the associated legislation and ordinances.<\/em><\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px\"><em>In addition to increased sky-glow, threatening the region\u2019s dark skies, reduced air quality, due to combustion by-products from rig and site power, fugitive emissions, and flaring, water demands, and potential contamination of groundwater resources, increased dust from traffic on unpaved lease roads, wear &amp; tear on county and state roads from oilfield traffic, increases in vehicle accidents, including fatalities, increased crime, and corresponding increased demands on area public safety, EMS and fire resources <\/em>(<a href=\"http:\/\/www.bigbendconservationalliance.org\/threats-related-to-industrialization-of-the-big-bend-region-a-focus-on-the-southern-delaware-basin-energy-development-activity\/\">BBCA<\/a>).<\/p>\n<p>Water protectors at Two Rivers recognize that the odds of stopping the Trans-Pecos Pipeline completely are slim.\u00a0 However, Orona and fellow organizer Lori Glover believe they can impact pipeline policy and divestment from banks that support pipelines.\u00a0 Cities such as Seattle, Washington and Davis, California are moving to <a href=\"http:\/\/www.npr.org\/sections\/thetwo-way\/2017\/02\/08\/514133514\/two-cities-vote-to-pull-more-than-3-billion-from-wells-fargo-over-dakota-pipelin\">cut ties with Wells Fargo<\/a>, a lender to the Dakota Access Pipeline (<a href=\"http:\/\/marfapublicradio.org\/blog\/protesters-continue-direct-action-planning-as-pipeline-nears-completion\/\">Beauvais<\/a>).<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px\"><em>\u201cSuccess is not just measured in terms of whether a pipeline is stopped or not stopped,\u201d Glover says. Glover is an organizer for the Big Bend Defense Coalition. She owns the land currently hosting the Two Rivers Camp. \u201cThis way of living that is not sustainable, that uses up all the resources, the only way to change that is through shifting our culture, changing our cultural belief systems,\u201d she says. \u201cAnd so that\u2019s what working with the Native Americans is doing, that\u2019s what having this camp is doing\u201d<\/em> (<a href=\"http:\/\/marfapublicradio.org\/blog\/protesters-continue-direct-action-planning-as-pipeline-nears-completion\/\">Beauvais<\/a>).<\/p>\n<p>Chief William Hoff of the Tsalagiyi Nvdagi said the Bird\u2019s Fort Treaty of 1843 signed with the Republic of Texas guaranteed hunting and subsistence rights of the Native peoples of Texas, but was not honored when the Republic became a state.\u00a0 \u201cBig oil and gas and nuclear will destroy our plants, animals, water, and air.\u00a0 So, to me that is a violation of that treaty,\u201d said Hoff (<a href=\"https:\/\/thevanhornadvocate.com\/2016\/09\/22\/american-indian-movement-of-central-texas-aimctx-stands-with-the-big-bend-and-the-standing-rock-sioux\/\">Van Horn Advocate<\/a>).<\/p>\n<p>As of February 24, 2017, 16 people have been arrested and as of February 27, 2017 Pete Hefflin (SNN, AIMCTX) is being held at the local police department for no apparent reason.<\/p>\n<p>According to Energy Transfer, the Trans-Pecos Pipeline is more than 96% complete making it &#8220;on schedule&#8221; to be in service by the end of next month (March 2017).<\/p>\n<p>Mni Wiconi<\/p>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: center\">Sources<\/h2>\n<p>Anonymous Contributor. (2016, November 12). <a href=\"https:\/\/itsgoingdown.org\/olympia-wa-north-dakota-fracking-equipment-blocked-train-tracks-barricaded\/\">Olympia, WA: North Dakota Fracking Equipment Blocked, Train Tracks Barricaded.<\/a> <em>It&#8217;s Going Down.<\/em><\/p>\n<p>Baker, P. (2017, January 24). <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2017\/01\/24\/us\/politics\/keystone-dakota-pipeline-trump.html?_r=0\">Trump Revives Keystone Pipeline Rejected by Obama<\/a>. <em>New York Times<\/em>.<\/p>\n<p>Beauvais, S. (2017, February 24). <a href=\"http:\/\/marfapublicradio.org\/blog\/protesters-continue-direct-action-planning-as-pipeline-nears-completion\/\">Protesters Continue Direct Action Planning as Pipeline Nears Completion. <\/a><em>Marfa Public Radio.<\/em><\/p>\n<p>Bengal, R. (2017, January 24). <a href=\"http:\/\/www.vogue.com\/article\/donald-trump-dakota-pipeline-dapl-resistance\">Congratulations, Donald Trump, You Just Reignited the DAPL Resistance<\/a>. <em>Vogue<\/em>.<\/p>\n<p>Big Bend Conservation Alliance. (n.d.).<a href=\"http:\/\/www.bigbendconservationalliance.org\/threats-related-to-industrialization-of-the-big-bend-region-a-focus-on-the-southern-delaware-basin-energy-development-activity\/\"> Threats Related to Industrialization of the Big Bend Region \u2013 A Focus on The Southern Delaware Basin Energy Development Activity<\/a>. <em>BBCA<\/em>.<\/p>\n<p>Birnel, A. <a href=\"http:\/\/www.paisano-online.com\/news-articles\/ut-system-financial-ties-trans-pecos-pipline\/\">UT System has financial ties to Trans-Pecos pipeline.<\/a> <em>The Paisano.<\/em><\/p>\n<p>Bubenik, T. (2017, January 9). <a href=\"http:\/\/www.texasstandard.org\/stories\/border-landowners-contemplate-what-a-wall-would-mean\/\">With Lack of Details, Border Landowners Contemplate What a Wall Would Mean<\/a>. <em>Texas Standard.\u00a0<\/em><\/p>\n<p>Buhl, L. (2017, February 3). <a href=\"http:\/\/www.theenergycollective.com\/desmog\/2397707\/where-is-fracked-gas-really-headed-as-it-passes-through-texas-trans-pecos-pipeline\">Where Is Fracked Gas Really Headed as It Passes Through Texas\u2019 Trans-Pecos Pipeline?<\/a> <em>DeSmog Blog<\/em>.<\/p>\n<p>Camp of the Sacred Stones. (2017, January 1). <a href=\"http:\/\/sacredstonecamp.org\/blog\/2016\/12\/31\/standing-rock-to-the-world-10-indigenous-and-environmental-struggles-you-can-support-in-2017\">Standing Rock to the World: 10 Indigenous and Environmental Struggles You Can Support in 2017<\/a>. <em>SacredStoneCamp.<\/em><\/p>\n<p>Energy Transfer. (2017, January 25). <a href=\"http:\/\/transpecospipelinefacts.com\/\">Trans-Pecos Pipeline Project<\/a>. <em>Energy Transfer. <br \/>\n <\/em><\/p>\n<p>Goodman, A. (2016, November 3). <a href=\"https:\/\/www.democracynow.org\/2016\/11\/3\/who_is_kelcy_warren_the_texas\">Who is Kelcy Warren, the Texas Billionaire and Folk Music Fan Behind the Dakota Access Pipeline.<\/a> <em>Democracy Now.<\/em><\/p>\n<p>Gruley, B. (2015, May 18). <a href=\"https:\/\/www.bloomberg.com\/news\/features\/2015-05-19\/pipeline-billionaire-kelcy-warren-is-having-fun-in-the-oil-bust\"><span class=\"lede-headline__highlighted\">Pipeline Billionaire Kelcy Warren Is Having Fun in the Oil Bust: <\/span><\/a><span class=\"lede-dek__text\">The founder of energy transfer partners has built his $7.3 billion personal fortune by making smart moves during the industry\u2019s \u2018dark times\u2019. <em>Bloomberg<\/em>.<br \/>\n <\/span><\/p>\n<p>Guise of Fawkes. (2016, November 10). <a href=\"https:\/\/guiseoffawkes.wordpress.com\/2016\/11\/10\/new-orleans-nov13th-guise-of-fawkes-krewe-new-blood-membership-meetup-nodapl\/\">New Orleans, NOV13th: Guise of Fawkes Krewe New Blood Membership Meetup\u00a0#NODAPL<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>Lutz, J. <a href=\"http:\/\/dearferc.com\/\">Transpecos Pipeline:<em> Lives on the Line.<\/em><\/a><em> Dear FERC.<\/em><\/p>\n<p>Monroe, R. (2015, May 13). <a href=\"http:\/\/america.aljazeera.com\/articles\/2015\/5\/13\/an-unlikely-alliance-in-texas-ranchers-and-environmentalists-fight-pipeline.html\">An unlikely alliance: Ranchers and green activists fight Texas pipeline<\/a>. <em>Aljazeera America<\/em>.<\/p>\n<p id=\"title\" class=\"a-size-large a-spacing-none\">Morgenthaler, J. (2004, May 1). <a href=\"https:\/\/www.amazon.com\/River-Has-Never-Divided-Paperback\/dp\/0292702833\"><span class=\"a-size-large\">The River Has Never Divided Us: A Border History of La Junta de los Rios. <\/span><\/a><em><span id=\"productTitle\" class=\"a-size-large\">Jack and Doris Smothers Series in Texas History, Life, and Culture.<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n<p>Mosqueda, P. (2015, February 16). <a href=\"https:\/\/www.texasobserver.org\/the-holdouts-three-texas-families-refused-sell-mineral-rights-fracking\/\">The Holdouts: Three families who took a pass on the fracking boom \u2013 and what it cost them<\/a>. <em>Texas Observer.\u00a0<\/em><\/p>\n<p>Rhodes, A. (2014, January 25). <a href=\"http:\/\/moon.com\/2014\/01\/texas-slang-and-twang-how-to-talk-like-a-texan\/\">Texas Slang and Twang: How to Talk Like a Texan. <\/a><em>Moon.<\/em><\/p>\n<p>Sadasivam, N. (2017, February 13). <a href=\"https:\/\/www.texasobserver.org\/texas-largest-corporate-welfare-program-rapidly-ballooning\/\">Texas\u2019 Largest Corporate Welfare Program is Rapidly Ballooning.<\/a><em> Texas Observer.<\/em><\/p>\n<p>Scialla, M. (2017, January 18). <a href=\"http:\/\/www.pbs.org\/newshour\/updates\/new-pipeline-clashes-call-standing-rock-playbook\/\">New pipeline clashes call on Standing Rock playbook<\/a>. <em>PBS Newshour<\/em>.<\/p>\n<p class=\"title\">Schatz, B. (2015, May 15). <a href=\"http:\/\/www.motherjones.com\/environment\/2015\/05\/texas-pipeline-controversy-trans-pecos\">The Pipeline That Texans Are Freaking Out Over (Nope, Not Keystone).<\/a><em> Mother Jones.<\/em><\/p>\n<p>Shaefer, S. (2016, May). <a href=\"https:\/\/www.forbes.com\/companies\/grupo-carso\/\">The World&#8217;s Biggest Public Companies: Grupo Carso<\/a>. <em>Forbes<\/em>.<\/p>\n<p>SNN. (2016, October 29). <a href=\"http:\/\/societyofnativenations.org\/tworiverscamp.html\">Two Rivers Camp \u2013 \u201cStop the trans pecos pipeline\u201d<\/a>. <em>Society of Native Nations.\u00a0<\/em><\/p>\n<p>Sturgis, S. (2016, September 7). <a href=\"https:\/\/www.facingsouth.org\/2016\/09\/meet-texas-billionaire-and-gop-donor-behind-north-dakota-pipeline-controversy\">Meet the Texas billionaire and GOP donor behind the North Dakota pipeline controversy.<\/a> <em>Facing South.<\/em><\/p>\n<p>Sylvester, T. (2017, February 25) <a href=\"http:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-north-dakota-pipeline-idUSKBN1640BH\">Dakota protesters regroup, plot resistance to other pipelines.<\/a> <em>Reuters.<\/em><\/p>\n<p>Texas Beyond History. <a href=\"http:\/\/www.texasbeyondhistory.net\/junta\/index.html\">La Junta de los Rios: Villagers of the Chihuahuan Desert Rivers<\/a>. <em>TexasBeyondHistory.net.<\/em><\/p>\n<p>Van Oldershausen, S. (2015, March 12). <a href=\"http:\/\/bigbendnow.com\/2015\/03\/the-landmen-cometh-surveyors-make-first-move-on-trans-pecos-pipeline\/\">The landmen cometh: surveyors make first move on Trans Pecos pipeline<\/a>. <em>Big Bend Now<\/em>.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Roma Castellanos The resistance at Standing Rock has caused ripple effects around the world (see Standing Rock) .\u00a0 Just weeks after the week-long Port protest here in Olympia, Washington, the Obama administration temporarily denied an easement permit for the Dakota Access Pipeline to drill under the Missouri River at sacred Lake Oahe.\u00a0 The resistance to &hellip; <a href=\"https:\/\/sites.evergreen.edu\/ccc\/energy-domestic\/trans-pecos-pipeline\/\" class=\"more-link\">Continue reading <span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Water Protectors Against the Trans-Pecos Pipeline<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2945,"featured_media":0,"parent":442,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_mi_skip_tracking":false},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/sites.evergreen.edu\/ccc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/255"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/sites.evergreen.edu\/ccc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/sites.evergreen.edu\/ccc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sites.evergreen.edu\/ccc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2945"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sites.evergreen.edu\/ccc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=255"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/sites.evergreen.edu\/ccc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/255\/revisions"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sites.evergreen.edu\/ccc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/442"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/sites.evergreen.edu\/ccc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=255"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}